Kartvelian Heritage
type: channel
description: "Kartvelian Heritage" is the electronic copy of the annual scientific publication "Kartvelian Heritage" (ISSN 1512-09-53) of Tariel Putkaradze Kartvelology Scientific-Research Center at the Faculty of Humanities at Akaki Tsereteli State University (Kutaisi, Georgia). The proccedings of the international symposia "Kutaisi Discussions" organized by the Scientific-Research Center of Kartvelology, reviewed research papers in Kartvelology (linguistics, literary studies, folklore, historiography, culture studies, ethnology, etc.) and the texts of Kartvelian dialects obtained by the staff of the Centre are published in this journal. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/PUTK ISSN: 1512-0953
language: en
publication name: Kartvelian Heritage
items: GEORGIAN MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKISH PHONOTACTICS
items: THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE KREMLIN IN THE CAUCASUS IN 1921-1944 (ACCORDING TO KONSTANTIN KANDELAKI’S REPORT)
items: COMMEMORATING DAYS OF THE DECEASED IN GALI (BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS OBTAINED IN GALI REGION)
items: SOPROM MGALOBLISHVILI ABOUT AKAKI TSERETELI
items: THE STATE BORDER WITH CHOROKHI AND NARRATIVES OF BORDER SETTLEMENTS IN FICTION AND ORAL HISTORIES
items: THE MYTH OF ETERNAL SPRING IN TAO-KLARJETI FOLKLORE
items: ON THE MATTER OF TERM BAIOBA
items: ON INTERRELATION BETWEEN “KOPHAD ARS” AND “DZHER-ARS KOPHAD” TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE FORMATION
items: LITERARY CRITICISM OF THE 80S OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND GIORGI TSERETELI
items: SENTIMENT-ANALYSIS IN GEORGIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE – MAIN RULES FOR DETERMINING SENTIMENT
items: STILL LIFES BY JAVA CHEISHVILI
items: WEDDING VOCABULARY AND FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN TAO-KLARJETIAN DIALECTS
items: ON POSTMODERNIST TRENDS IN GEORGIAN AND TURKISH NOVELS
items: FROM THE 18TH CENTURY REGARDING A GEORGIAN CAPTIVE SOLD IN EGYPT
items: THE GREEK WORLD AND BYRON
items: THE MEMOIRS OF HERBERT HOOVER ABOUT GEORGIA
items: GEORGIAN MONASTERY OF IZMIR (TURKEY)
items: A CENTURY THROUGH THE PRISM OF ONE STORY (KOTE JANDIERI’S ‘GLOBALIZATION’)
items: MYSTERY OF A NOTE IN THE ATHOS POLYCEPHALON
items: ON THE VOCABULARY OF PLANTS AND THEIR ORIGIN IN LAZ DIALECT
items: „SIGNALING THE DAWN LIKE THE CROWING OF A ROOSTER…“ (REVAZ PAVLENISHVILI)
items: TREE CULT IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF HERETI (BASED ON THE NEW FOLKLORE MATERIALS)
items: ARCHETYPES OF THE CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS IN GURAM PANJIKIDZE’S NOVELS (‘THE SEVENTH HEAVEN’, ‘THE PRECIOUS GEM’ AND ‘THE YEAR OF THE ACTIVE SUN’)
items: CRITICAL CONCERNS IN ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE’S JOURNALISTIC WORK (A FEW ASPECTS)
items: VAZHA-PSHAVELA’S ‘HOST AND GUEST’ AND THEORY OF LIMINALITY (INTERPRETATION)
items: THE ISSUE OF WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION IN TAMAR PAPAVA’S EARLY PUBLICATIONS
items: CASES OF SYNTACTIC ASSIMILATION IN GURAM DOCHANASHVILI’S NOVEL ‘LODI NASAQDRAL’
items: BATUM OBLAST ACCORDING TO MATERIALS PRESERVED AT THE KUTAISI CENTRAL ARCHIVE
items: PARTICIPIAL SYNTAGMA MIMICKING VERBAL SYNTAGMA 1 ACCORDING TO THE GELATIAN MANUSCRIPT (K14)
items: TARIEL PUTKARADZE’S REFLECTIONS ON THE INSTITUTE OF DIALECTOLOGY (ACCORDING TO HIS DIARY)

GEORGIAN MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKISH PHONOTACTICS
type: item
description: According to the phonotactic strategy of the Turkish languages, in the last syllablAccording to the phonotactic strategy of the Turkish languages, in the last syllable of a word, the wide labial vowel /o/ is replaced by the narrow labial vowel /u/. The Georgian name of the ridge Tortomi, located in the territory of Turkey today, was pronounced as Tortum by the Turks. Similarly, the Ĉoroḥi river was named Çoruh in Turkish. The town now known as Batumi, which is still Batomi in the Gurian dialect, was likely established with Turkish influence, leading to its Turkish-style name – Batumi. Pronouncing two or more consonants at the beginning of a syllable poses an insurmountable articulatory challenge for Turkish speakers. The words of Turkish origin do not typically contain the syllable CCV(C). Borrowed words with two or more consonants at the beginning of the syllable undergo phonological processing when they are “turkified,” involving a process called prothesis (where a vowel is added before two consonants at the beginning of a syllable) and epenthesis (where two consonants are split at the beginning of a syllable and a vowel is placed in the middle). This process helps overcome the clustering of consonants at the beginning of the syllable. Georgian toponymic data is utilized to demonstrate the functioning of prothesis. Speri is a region in historical southwestern Georgia, now known as İspir, a municipality in Turkey. Sṭepanċminda appears in a prothetic form in a fiscal document drafted in 1595, as recorded in ‘The Great Book of the Gurjistan Vilayet’: استڥانزمنده /istefānzmnda/. The Georgian toponym sķarebi has been rendered as اسكارب /isкarb/ by the Ottoman Turk defterdar. The same document indicates the national toponyms that feature an epenthetic vowel: blorĵa – /bulurĵa/, dgvari – /dugar/, zresķi – /zirsķ/, tmogvi – /tumk/, pruṭi – / purud/, ğjrṭila – /γirdla/, ċre – /ċire/, ċrioḥi – /ċirioḥ/, ċqorĵa – /ċuqurĵa/, ċqruti – / ċuqurt/, etc. In specific cases of proth…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phonotactic rules of the Turkish language
  topic: keywords
subject: prothesis
  topic: keywords
subject: epenthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian onomastic units
  topic: keywords
creator: Marika Jikia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 300
ending page: 305

THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE KREMLIN IN THE CAUCASUS IN 1921-1944 (ACCORDING TO KONSTANTIN KANDELAKI’S REPORT)
type: item
description: In 1921, Soviet Russia invaded Georgia. The absolute majority of the members of the Democratic Republic of Georgia’s Government and the Constituent Assembly (Parliament) left the country and emigrated. Among them was Mr. Konstantine (Kotsia) Kandelaki, a member of the Constituent Assembly, the Minister of Finance and Trade-Industry. In exile, Konstantine Kandelaki published several remarkable works on economic issues. His unpublished work titled ’Kremlin’s National Policy in the Caucasus,’ preserved in the National Archives of Georgia, was presented in the form of a report in one of the institutions in Europe. In this work, the author delves into all the corrupt aspects of Soviet Russia’s national policy in the Caucasus, which placed the nations of the Caucasus in a disastrous situation. The Russification process was executed through unprecedented methods. In November and December 1943 and February 1944, nearly one million people were killed in the Karachay and the Balkarian Autonomous Oblasts, as well as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Simultaneously, the ethnic Russian population was rapidly relocated to these territories. This strategy mirrored the historical precedent set by Tsarist Russia, which, in 1864, deported the Cherkess from the Caucasus and replaced them with Russian settlers. The political leadership of the Soviet Union was guided by this historical context in their actions. Clearly, the Caucasus held significant strategic importance for Soviet authorities in advancing their interests in Asia. According to K. Kandelaki, Kremlin politics is coercive. The peoples of the Caucasus deserve freedom, and once they are free, they will find common ground for unrestricted collaboration with peace-valuing countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The national policy of Russia in the Caucasus
  topic: keywords
subject: 1921-1944
  topic: keywords
subject: accomplishments of Konstantine Kandelaki
  topic: keywords
creator: Levan Jikia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 293
ending page: 299

COMMEMORATING DAYS OF THE DECEASED IN GALI (BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS OBTAINED IN GALI REGION)
type: item
description: Funeral and mourning customs are too conservative and encompass essential peculiarities, making them significant for the study of traditional viewpoints. In general, the cult of the deceased is a vast topic. Due to its broad scope, we will focus on specific details or material facts of historical-cultural memory that serve as evidence for the preservation of older traditions. In terms of Geography, the research theme covers the present-day Gali region, historically known as Samurzakano. Recent political-economic and relevant sociocultural circumstances have sparked interest in the ethnographic objects of this region. Today, the Gali population is dispersed across various Georgian regions, facing challenges related to their scattered presence. Consequently, their characteristic traditions are changing rapidly in comparison to those in Gali. In Gali, after the death of a family member, mourners used to initiate a ritual meal dedicated to the soul of the deceased within their own family. They divided the expenses into two parts: one related to specifically selected memorial days (the 7th Day, the 40th Day, and the first anniversary after the passing of the deceased), and the other associated with customs for other soul blessing days on different holidays. The paper includes ethnographic materials obtained in present-day Gali, revealing close typological similarities to customs found in different regions of Georgia. In Gali, the world of the deceased is referred to as Oshureti. The service for the souls of the deceased is also noteworthy, with the late souls being judged based on their sins and grace, as described in the ethnographic materials. According to religious beliefs, the deceased played a significant role in the lives of their family members and relatives, capable of bringing either good or bad luck depending on how the family members treated and served the souls of the deceased. The special commemorative days, common in Gali, demonstrated the supreme power att…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethnography of Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnographic material of Gali region
  topic: keywords
subject: tradition of commemorating the deceased
  topic: keywords
subject: Tabaki - food and drink blessed by priest.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Kharchilava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 287
ending page: 292

SOPROM MGALOBLISHVILI ABOUT AKAKI TSERETELI
type: item
description: When appraising Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s literary contributions, his commendable role as a memoirist stands out prominently. He commenced writing and disseminating memoirs during the 1900s. In 1910, the initial five chapters of his memoirs found publication in the ‘Eri’ magazine, with subsequent installments appearing in the ‘Temi’ newspaper. Following Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s demise, literary scholar Levan Asatiani diligently assembled and published nearly all of the author’s memoirs in a single volume. Soprom Mgaloblishvili crafted remarkable memoirs depicting Georgian writers and public figures. His intimate familiarity and both personal and professional connections with most of these individuals uniquely positioned him to share insights that remain unparalleled among other memoirists. Notably, his recollections of Akaki Tsereteli are particularly noteworthy. He dedicated two memories to the poet: ‘Akaki Is With Us’ and ‘Akaki’, both of which were published in the ‘Theatre and Life’ magazine (N5, N7) around the time of the poet’s passing. The memoirist especially mentions Akaki’s quality as a genuine poet, highlighting his love of travel and his desire to be close to people. He compares the nature of Ilia and Akaki, noting that Akaki’s extensive travels contribute to his deep understanding of people. In contrast, Ilia remains more confined to his study, known personally only to the city’s nobility. Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s two memoirs, ‘Akaki Is With Us’ and ‘Akaki’ were composed with profound affection and reverence for Akaki Tsereteli. Within these memoirs, a captivating portrayal of the poet emerges, continuing to intrigue readers to this day.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian memoir literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Akaki Tsereteli
  topic: keywords
subject: Soprom Mgaloblishvili
  topic: keywords
creator: Magda Chikaberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 282
ending page: 286

THE STATE BORDER WITH CHOROKHI AND NARRATIVES OF BORDER SETTLEMENTS IN FICTION AND ORAL HISTORIES
type: item
description: The work draws from a diverse range of sources, including scientific literature, literary texts, and oral histories from villages (Kveda Maradidi, Zeda Maradidi, Kirnati, Kheba) located along the Georgia-Turkey border strip adjacent to the Chorokhi River (materials of the field expeditions of 2021-2023). The primary objective of this study is to explore specific thematic arcs that emerge from oral histories and fiction. Key areas of focus include narratives concerning demarcation and the border in generational memory, instances of smuggling, intelligence activities spanning the periods before, during, and after the World War II, as well as the dynamics of cross-border settlements and the evolution of communication methods. In the early 1920s, a significant geopolitical development unfolded as the state border between Turkey and the Soviet Union severed land and water connections, impacting valleys and villages in Georgia. A substantial portion of historical southern Georgia was incorporated into Turkey’s territory. Initially, until the mid-1930s, inhabitants living across the border maintained the ability to interact and traverse freely. However, over time, the border regime progressively tightened, particularly during and after the World War II. Notably, the dissolution of the Soviet Union marked a turning point in this situation. The timeliness of this research is underscored by its dual focus on the Chorokhi border settlements and the broader spatial transformation precipitated by the new border geography since the early 20th century. It’s worth highlighting that interest in narratives about state borders and border settlements has persisted throughout various eras, prompting numerous creators to engage with this subject matter. Consequently, the oral traditions of the Chorokhi basin contribute valuable material. The distinct nature of the border motif is predominantly informed by historical realities. In analytical texts, a discernible patriotic sentiment coexis…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Narratives of Georgia-Turkey border villages
  topic: keywords
subject: narratives of KirnatiMaradidi
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia-Turkey relations
  topic: keywords
subject: 20th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Malkhaz Chokharadze
creator: Nino Turmanidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 272
ending page: 281

THE MYTH OF ETERNAL SPRING IN TAO-KLARJETI FOLKLORE
type: item
description: The myth of the eternal spring, or the paradise lost, is a common theme found in the folklore of almost all ancient peoples globally. In Georgian oral tradition, the myth of eternal spring is linked to the name of King Tamar and is known in various versions. It is entirely expected and natural, as in the consciousness of the society where this myth originated, Tamar’s kingdom was envisioned as the ‘Golden Age’—a paradise on Earth with King Tamar as its unequaled creator, ruler, and devoted, caring guardian. Today, the myth of eternal spring is no longer associated with the name of King Tamar in the historical memory of the Georgian-speaking, though Muslim, population in the historical Georgian regions of the Republic of Turkey - Tao and Klarjeti. This phenomenon is associated with the arrival of snow, disrupting the lives of Christian monks. Such transformations serve as evidence that the consciousness of Tao and Klarjeti Georgians shares a common cultural source rooted in Georgian culture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: Tao-Klarjeti folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: Mythos of Eternal Spring
  topic: keywords
creator: Tina Shioshvili
creator: Tamar Matchutadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 267
ending page: 271

ON THE MATTER OF TERM BAIOBA
type: item
description: In the Kartvelian languages, two lexemes — baioba and bzoba — are found that signify the feast commemorating Christ›s entry into Jerusalem. Both terms raise questions; clarification is required regarding the connection between the feast and either of the terms, or what caused the establishment of the two distinct word forms in Megrelian and Svan (the first term), as well as in the common ecclesiastical domain (the second term). It is worth noting that the term baioba is preferred in some Gospel manuscripts and liturgical texts. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the Agapes of the Cross Monastery in Jerusalem use the term baioba rather than bzoba. As early as the 11th-13th centuries, if not earlier, the term have had a conventional form, with baiaoba appears to bzoba not yet surpassing it. Otherwise, the copyist of the Agape, the translator, or the scribe of the Gospels would have written bzoba instead of baioba. The feast›s name, baioba, appears to have existed centuries before the term bzoba was coined. This fact determines the viability of the term in modern Megrelian and Svan. For comparison, one could cite the terms like tanapa, p’ičvani, which allegedly derived from sermons by Andrew the First-Called and Simon the Zealot (or Simon the Canaanite) and originated at least three centuries before the creation of the common ecclesiastical terms aġdgoma Easter) and how aġdgoma and marḥva (fasting). This illustrates marḥva forms could not eliminate preexisting terms. A similar conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between the terms baioba and bzoba.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian religious terminology
  topic: keywords
subject: Kartvelian terms
  topic: keywords
subject: baioba / bzoba
  topic: keywords
creator: Revaz Sherozia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 264
ending page: 266
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.23

ON INTERRELATION BETWEEN “KOPHAD ARS” AND “DZHER-ARS KOPHAD” TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE FORMATION
type: item
description: The connection between the categories of modality and time has been addressed in various linguistic studies based on data from different languages. Our work aims to explore the relationship between Future tense and Modal semantics in Old and Middle Georgian, using a descriptive model of future expression. In Old Georgian, the so-called categorical future forms (kophad ars, mislvad ars, etc.) conveyed, both the action to be taken in the future definitely, signifying the necessity of the action (Epistemic modality), and the obligation to perform certain actions (Deontic modality). Logically, the form that expresses deontic modal semantics can develop epistemic modal meaning, as both are rooted in certainty. Just as the commanding person is certain that the action requested by them is necessary and needs to be done definitely, in the case of epistemic necessity, the speaker is sure of the truth of different facts. To express epistemic and deontic modal semantics in Old Georgian, the construction of the modal verb “dzher-ars” was utilized in addition to the analytical model of the future (kophad ars). It should be mentioned that, in this construction, the infinitive in an adverbial case participates with the complex verb, similar to the analytical model of future expression. Scientists have expressed their opinions regarding the origin of the constructions “kophad ars” and “dzher-ars kophad”. In this article, based on the relevant discussion and examples, we reject the idea that “kophad ars” originates from the construction “dzher-ars kophad”. Instead, we assert an argumentative position that the forms “kophad ars” and “dzher-ars kophad” are two parallel independent expressions— lexical (dzher-ars kophad) and grammatical (kophad ars)— of epistemic and deontic modal semantics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modality
  topic: keywords
subject: Modal Semantics
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical formation of the verb
  topic: keywords
subject: Categorical Future
  topic: keywords
subject: Old Georgian Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Georgian Language
  topic: keywords
creator: Maguli Ghambashidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 258
ending page: 263
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.31

LITERARY CRITICISM OF THE 80S OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND GIORGI TSERETELI
type: item
description: The paper discusses the opinions expressed by Georgian critics from the 1880s regarding various aspects of Giorgi Tsereteli, the great Georgian writer, including his personal life, social impact, and creative style. On the critical review journey of Giorgi Tsereteli’s work, we will tentatively focus on the 1880s. Among the opinions expressed, those of Ekvtime Takaishvili, M. Nasidze (“It’s me” - M.K.), St. Chrelashvili, R. Eristavi, Jacob Gogebashvili, Al. Toidze, as well as unsigned articles, stand out. These articles were published in various periodicals. We will commemorate the memory of Arthur Leist, the distinguished German journalist and translator who extensively researched Georgian literature. According to Arthur Leist, Petre Umikashvili, Niko Khizanishvili, and Giorgi Tsereteli met at Ilia Chavchavadze’s house. Leist characterizes Petre Umikashvili as hardworking, calm, direct, and modest. He notes that Niko Khizanishvili and Giorgi Tsereteli had completely different characters, with both actively participating in literary activities during the eighties.” If we revisit Giorgi Tsereteli’s polemical letters, we should concur with Arthur Leist that, unlike Petre Umikashvili, he possessed a truly modest, independent and combative character. The critics’ opinions on Giorgi Tsereteli’s creative work align with those that gradually surfaced in the 80s of the 19th century. This alignment is attributed, on one hand, to the heightened vigor of literary criticism and the increased authority of critics, and, on the other hand, to the diverse methods and techniques of critical analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: works of Giorgi Tsereteli
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian literary criticism of the 19th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Manana Kajaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 250
ending page: 256

SENTIMENT-ANALYSIS IN GEORGIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE – MAIN RULES FOR DETERMINING SENTIMENT
type: item
description: Sentiment-analysis is a form of natural language processing that gives us information about the sentiment (emotion) of the text - is it positive (towards something or someone), negative or neutral; All the examples in the presentation are drawn from the political corpus of the Georgian language. The political discourse can be defined as political communication employed by politicians in various contexts, including public speeches, planned (inaugural texts), or unplanned speeches (television programs, participation in discussions, parliamentary speeches). Sentiment analysis research typically encompasses three interrelated yet distinct levels (Bing Liu, 2016). These are: o Document level o Sentence level o Aspect level. When defining sentiment at the aspect level, we consider several aspects: whom we value (which can be a specific person often a politician), what we value (usually, a concrete action of a specific politician), and how we value it (whether negatively, positively or neutrally) (Bing Liu, 2016). In this presentation, we will illustrate, through examples, why the aspect level of sentiment research is considered the most important. We will also discuss the role of parts of speech in determining sentiment – in this case we will primarily focus on adjectives and nouns. Usually, an adjective with positive or negative content can be attached to a semantically neutral noun and, accordingly, the sentiment of the opinion will change - it will become positive or negative; However, we may have a completely different picture if the noun itself carries sentiment. In this article, we will explore noun-adjective combinations, define types of combinations, and highlight main rules derived from the analysis of these combinations. Based on the combinations and analyzing the contexts, we found that the most crucial element in the process of sentiment determination is not individual words but phrases. Additionally, in many cases, verb phrases (VP) play a significant role in…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian natural political speech
  topic: keywords
subject: Political discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: sentiment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Corpus-based research
  topic: keywords
creator: Elene Kadagishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 243
ending page: 249

STILL LIFES BY JAVA CHEISHVILI
type: item
description: Java Cheishvili’s works are not only an original contribution to modern Georgian art but also a carefully crafted creative portrait of the artist depicted with paints on the canvas. Java Cheishvili’s works are distinguished by genre diversity, encompassing portraits, landscapes, still lifes, and religious themes that captured the artist’s attention. Each genre is expressed with distinct power in his art. At different times Java Cheishvili’s works were exhibited in Tbilisi, Moscow, Paris, London, Newport, and Ingolstadt. The artist participated in All-Union plein airs (Terjola, 1979, 1983) as well as international plein airs for painters (Kutaisi, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995) and contributed to the work of international symposiums for painters and sculptors in Kutaisi (2001, 2003). Personal exhibitions of Java Cheishvili were organized in Kutaisi in 1980 and 1993 (Art Gallery named after D. Kakabadze), and in Tbilisi in 1981 and 2000 (Gallery Re-aktsia). Java Cheishvili’s still lifes have been a topic of discussion on multiple occasions and the feedback about them has been consistently positive.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian painting
  topic: keywords
subject: Java Cheishvili’s creative works
  topic: keywords
subject: still life
  topic: keywords
creator: Shorena Pkhakadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 239
ending page: 242

WEDDING VOCABULARY AND FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN TAO-KLARJETIAN DIALECTS
type: item
description: The interest in the vocabulary of Tao-Klarjetian dialects remains relevant as the linguistic landscape of this region continues to change under the influence of the Turkish language. Even though there are many articles or monographs on the above-mentioned issue, a field-specific analysis of the vocabulary and a comparison with the data of other dialects would provide a more complete understanding of the lexical peculiarities of the dialect. From this perspective, it is interesting to observe the vocabulary related to such stable institutions as marital relations and traditions. A number of interesting lexical units and figurative expressions were revealed, which are not only significant from a lexicological standpoint but also hold importance from an ethnoculturological perspective. In addition to the aforementioned factors, the Tao-Klarjetian dialects are strongly influenced by the Turkish language on a daily basis. Consequently, documenting and examining every surviving lexical unit remains an important, urgent, and relevant issue. In the analysis of lexical units, we rely on texts recorded by us during the period of 2004-2018 and those existing in scientific circulation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian language
  topic: keywords
subject: Tao-Klarjetian dialects
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian dialect vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: wedding vocabulary
  topic: keywords
creator: Elza Putkardze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 232
ending page: 238

ON POSTMODERNIST TRENDS IN GEORGIAN AND TURKISH NOVELS
type: item
description: Postmodernism is an active and pervasive trend that has permeated all aspects of public life soon after its emergence, particularly since the 1980s, and is evident in diverse ways across different cultural spheres. In the ever-evolving landscape of world literature, postmodernism emerged as a literary movement challenging the concept and ideology of modernism, questioning the established norms, narrative structures, classical notions of identity and objectivity, ideas of universal progress and emancipation, and grand narratives. The origin and development of postmodernism in Turkish and Georgian literature are intertwined with the historical, cultural, and political context of these countries, as well as with global processes that occurred worldwide. Georgian and Turkish postmodernist novels are characterized by key principles of postmodernist culture, such as metafiction, intertextuality, double coding, fragmentation, and a pursuit of narrative experiments, while also placing a strong emphasis on cultural identity. The uniqueness and distinction of these novels are shaped by the cultural and linguistic environments in which they originated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: modern Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: postmodernist trends in Georgian novels
  topic: keywords
subject: postmodernism in Turkish literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Maka Susareishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 227
ending page: 231

FROM THE 18TH CENTURY REGARDING A GEORGIAN CAPTIVE SOLD IN EGYPT
type: item
description: The document is housed in the National Center of Manuscripts of Georgia and is written in the Mkhedruli script on a scroll. It begins with an artistically painted Kantsili and a cross. There is a small area of damage on the edge of the right side, likely caused by moisture. The calligraphy is exquisite. At the bottom, there are two seals: one rectangular seal with the inscription ‘Parsadan’ and another square, beveled seal with the inscription ‘Servant of God, Milakhvari Luarsab’. Both individuals represented the feudal house of Machabeli. Among them, Parsadan Machabeli is mentioned in many deeds from the second half of the 18th century. For instance, a deed bears the following vertical inscription on the left side: ‘I, Revaz Machabeli, certify this deed (then one character is lost). I did not have the seal. This is my writing.’ The last word of the inscription is illegible, although it is highly likely to be ‘Revaz’. In addition to the complicated geopolitical situation, mainly driven by the IranOttoman conflict in the Caucasus, human trafficking became an even more significant problem for our country in the late Middle Ages. The Ottoman Empire’s dominance on the Black Sea facilitated widespread ‘purchase of captives‘, where people abducted from Georgia were sold in Ottoman or Syrian slave markets. The country faced a demographic catastrophe, and both Georgian and foreign sources document these harsh realities of the late Middle Ages. This distressing trend of selling people extended to almost every corner of our country, as it was deemed a profitable business. Unfortunately, even representatives of the feudal aristocracy supported it. ‘Purchase of captives‘ appears to have been prevalent in Samachablo as well, with members of the feudal house of Machabeli also participating in this trade. The presented document contains fascinating information about the sale of Bezhan Kasradze from Samachablo to Misri (Egypt). It appears he was ‘lost from Leki’. Kasradze, kidnappe…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sale of captives
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian captives in Egypt
  topic: keywords
creator: Giorgi Sosiashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 214
ending page: 226

THE GREEK WORLD AND BYRON
type: item
description: რომანტიზმის პრინციპებიდან გამომდინარე, ამ ლიტერატურული მიმართულების ერთი ძირითადი ნიშანი უცხოურით, კერძოდ აღმოსავლეთის ქვეყნებით, იქ მოგზაურობით გატაცებაც იყო. ჯორჯ გორდონ ბაირონს (1788-2824) იზიდავს ანტიკური კულტურა, საბერძნეთი. ასე უძღვნის ის თავისი ცხოვრების მეორე ეტაპს თავისუფლებისათვის მებრძოლ ბერძენ ერს, თავისი შემოქმედებით კი იმ თემებს აშუქებს, რაც ასე მნიშვნელოვანი იყო ანტიკური სამყაროსათვის. პოეტის ბიოგრაფიის ბერძნულ პერიოდზე არაერთი წერილი, გამოკვლევა ეკუთვნის აკადემიკოს ინესა მერაბიშვილს: 1. Byron, Greece and Georgia and The Meditterranean World, Proceedings of the Twentieth International Byron Conference, Published by the Hellenic Byron Society in Athens 20-21, September, 1994, p. 201-209; 2. ბაირონი, პრომეთე და ნაპოლეონი, ნაპოლეონის საერთაშორისო საზოგადოების ორენოვანი ჟურნალი „ნაპოლეონი“, თბ., 2000 (5 გვერდი); 3 The Reception of Argonauts by Lord Byron, Phasis, Greek and Roman Studies, The Argonautica and World Culture, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Institute of Classical, Byzantine and Modern Studies, volume 10 (II), 2007, p. 208-215; 4. Ovid’s Hero and Medea as Reflected in Byron’s Life and Works, Proceedings of the 37 th International Conference, Valladolid, Spain, 2011, at www. internationassociationofbyronsocieties.org; 5. Lord Byron’s Thyrza, Tbilisi, 2007 (64 pages); 6. Byron, Greece and Georgia, in: Byron and the Mediterranean World. Athens, 1995. ჩვენ მიერ განხორციელებულმა კვლევამ წარმოაჩინა ბაირონი როგორც მებრძოლი, საბერძნეთის თავისუფლების სადარაჯოზე მდგარი, რომელმაც არაერთი ლექსი მიუძღვნა საბერძნეთს; ბაირონის ცნობილი უკანასკნელი ლექსის „დღეს შემისრულდა ოცდათექვსმეტი წელი “ წყარო ტექსტიდან ეკვივალენტური თარგმანი შემოგვთავაზა ინესა მერაბიშვილმა.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: George Byron
  topic: keywords
subject: the Greek world
  topic: keywords
subject: Byron’s work
  topic: keywords
subject: romanticism
  topic: keywords
creator: Tinatin Sikharulidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 204
ending page: 212

THE MEMOIRS OF HERBERT HOOVER ABOUT GEORGIA
type: item
description: During the period of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the most powerful countries in the world played a significant role in the life of Batumi. This interest was primarily driven by the city’s military, political, and economic importance. This is evident in the fact that a considerable portion of the publications in the ‘New York Times’ about Georgia, published in 1918-1921, are dedicated to Batumi. In addition to these articles, I have paid attention to one of the most crucial documents, the memoirs of the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933, Herbert Hoover. Serving as the Head of the American Relief Administration from 1919 to 1923, he was directly involved with the Transcaucasian Region and, consequently, Georgia. In Herbert Hoover’s memoirs and in publications from the ‘New York Times,’ the emphasis on Batumi revolves around its significant commercial and economic potential. All other aspects are explored within this context. Despite some mistakes and a lack of objectivity in certain documents, we should consider them as valuable research materials for assessing the international community’s perception of the historical events that unfolded in Batumi during 19181921.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgia-USA relations
  topic: keywords
subject: American press about Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: 1918-1921
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbert Hoover’s memoirs about Georgia
  topic: keywords
creator: Otar Nikoleishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 198
ending page: 203

GEORGIAN MONASTERY OF IZMIR (TURKEY)
type: item
description: It is evident from written records and passages in travel literature that Georgian Christian churches with Georgian monks conducting religious services existed in several provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Constantinople (Istanbul), during the Late Middle Ages. Unfortunately, the majority of them have been destroyed and are now lost to history. One of these churches was situated in İzmir during the Late Middle Ages. In reference to the aforementioned, ‘Mimosvla,’ the travel text by Timote (Timothy) Gabashvili (1703-1764), provides us with some significant information, stating that since the 15th century, there has been a Georgian monastery in İzmir (formerly known as Smyrna), which was part of the Ottoman Empire. Describing his impressions of İzmir, he draws particular attention to the fact that he stayed in the monastery while in the city. Platon Ioseliani (1810-1875) was another writer who personally visited the Georgian monastery in İzmir and provided detailed written records about it. Their stories demonstrate that the İzmir Georgian monastery housed a sizable library with a significant number of books and manuscripts. Unfortunately, not only is the site of this priceless find unclear today, but also the exact location of the monastery remains unknown. We specifically reached out to Ms. Makvala Kharebava, the Honorary Consul of Georgia in İzmir, Republic of Turkey, to learn more about the existence of the İzmir Georgian monastery. Unfortunately, despite her diligent efforts, unique records related to the aforementioned monastery have not been located yet. Therefore, further active research in this regard must be carried out in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian monasteries in the Ottoman Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian monastery of Izmir
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian travel literature
  topic: keywords
subject: 18th-19th cc.
  topic: keywords
creator: Avtandil Nikoleishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 189
ending page: 197

A CENTURY THROUGH THE PRISM OF ONE STORY (KOTE JANDIERI’S ‘GLOBALIZATION’)
type: item
description: The reality of 20th-century Georgia has often been reflected in fiction across various genres and styles, whether fully realized in voluminous epic genres such as novels or long stories, or partially captured — focusing on a specific stage, a crucial event, or an outstanding individual and their story. In such cases, the plot may revolve around a single story or an individual character. In this respect, Kote Jandieri’s ‘Globalization’ is an interesting story that serves as the literary reflection of an entire epoch; the narration starts in the 1920s and continues into the 21st century. The author restores and presents a comprehensive picture, depicting all the significant events and facts that shaped the extraordinarily diverse twentieth century and influenced the social life of that period. The narration is conducted by a single character, a peasant from Kamechaantkari, and all the political and social events are presented from the perspective of his family. The writer achieves the goal in a mere 50-page story by employing a specific device. The narration unfolds through recollections of the past. The character both creates and narrates the stories, occasionally offering evaluations. Consequently, the text combines narration and reflection. However, this synthesis is so delicate and uniform that it does not produce either stylistic abundance or a mosaic-like texture. The paper will analyze specific aspects of Kote Jandieri’s story using semiotic and hermeneutic methods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Kote Jandieri
  topic: keywords
subject: ‘Globalization’
  topic: keywords
creator: Ada Nemsadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 181
ending page: 188

MYSTERY OF A NOTE IN THE ATHOS POLYCEPHALON
type: item
description: The Athos Polycephalon, dating back to the 10th century, has garnered special attention from researchers since its discovery. It offers a unique opportunity to draw significant conclusions about the historical and cultural spaces of Tao-Klarjeti. Additionally, it includes texts that have not been preserved in other manuscript forms. One such text is ‘The Martyrdom of the Children of Kola,’ which recounts the intense story of the struggle between idolatry and Christianity in the Kola Valley. Dating the text or its alleged written source with more or less accuracy would offer an in-depth understanding of crucial issues within the context of Georgian historical and religious culture. However, this task has eluded scholars for almost two centuries. In this regard, we believe the inscription made on the margin of the Athos manuscript is of utmost importance. According to this inscription, the Children of Kola were tortured “during the time of the rule of Dorime, master of Samtskhe, who was an Idolater by belief.” Unfortunately, this information has not received proper attention in scholarly literature, even though it adds valuable insights into the political-geographical domain of the text and the chronology of the events within it. In our opinion, it is connected to other inscriptions on the manuscript featuring the bishop Arseni, which we believe should have been copied from the original. The inscriptions, along with information from other sources, have allowed us to pose some logical questions, specifically, whether Arseni, the bishop in the manuscript, could have been a disciple of Grigol Khandzteli, who was appointed as the Catholicos of Kartli in the second half of the 9th century. In this context, it should also be considered that, being from Samtskhe and the son of a nobleman of Samtskhe, he had access to ancestral chronicles or records of that area that may be unknown to us. In our opinion, the author of the inscription about Dorime should be either a monk who m…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: Old Georgian ecclesiastical literature
  topic: keywords
subject: the Athos Polycephalon
  topic: keywords
subject: 10th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Irina Natsvlishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 173
ending page: 180

ON THE VOCABULARY OF PLANTS AND THEIR ORIGIN IN LAZ DIALECT
type: item
description: The paper discusses not only the names of plants that are not known to scientific literature but also the origin of some plants. Laz people, similar to inhabitants in other parts of Georgia, utilized herbaceous plants for various purposes. There is a distinction between wild and cultivated plants, and it is scientifically established that the ancestor of every cultivated plant is its wild species. Cultivation and gradual improvement of plants were ongoing processes, and there was also a counter-process where cultivated plants could revert to a wild state. Cultivation or wildness of plants is an extremely important process of special value for the history of agrobotany and natural science, as well as for the history of language and plant names. Cultivation of plants not only provided variety, but it also found its reflection in language and created synonyms according to the differences. Like other parts of Georgia, the vocabulary of plants of Laz dialect is characterized by an abundance of synonyms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kartvelian dialect vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: vocabulary of plants in Laz Dialect
  topic: keywords
creator: Tsiala Narakidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 166
ending page: 172

„SIGNALING THE DAWN LIKE THE CROWING OF A ROOSTER…“ (REVAZ PAVLENISHVILI)
type: item
description: Along with others, the representatives of the Pavlenishvili family have made a significant contribution to the cultural life of the Tskhinvali region. The Pavlenishvili family represented the ancestral house of the great nobility of Kartli, who are deeply rooted in the historical past of Georgia. According to existing assumptions, since the 9th-10th centuries, the surname of Pavlenishvili has been connected to the lineage of the Tbelis. From the 17th-18th centuries, the Pavlenishvili family owned estates in Tedzami gorge, as well as in Eredvi, Vanati, Nikozi, and other locations. Researchers hold different opinions about the Pavlenishvili family’s origin, with some suggesting a connection to the Mkhargrdzelis. According to the Catholicos Anton I, the Pavlenishvili family initially settled in Pavnisi and later in the village of Eredvi in the Little Liakhvi gorge. Professor Giorgi Sosiashvili indicates that a branch of the Pavlenishvili family, which had settled in Eredvi, owned a castle there during the late feudal period. They had serfs in Vanati and Eredvi, where the said family lived until the first quarter of the 20th century. The powerful family of Pavlenishvili played an important role in the public life of the country. Their spheres of influence included not only certain territories within the country, but they also had active relations with strategically important objects outside the borders of Georgia, such as the Georgian Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem, having in mind Epiphane and Barnaba Pavlenishvili. The latter was the archbishop of Tbilisi and the abbot of the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, while Epiphane served initially as the head of the Diocese of Nikozi and later as the abbot of the Monastery of the Holy Cross in the Holy Land, as well as a diplomat. One branch of the Pavlenishvili family, which settled in the village of Eredvi, lived there until the early 20th century, when they were expelled by the Bolsheviks. The Pavlenishvili fa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: literary traditions of the Tskhinvali region
  topic: keywords
subject: Revaz Pavlenishvili
  topic: keywords
subject: the ancestral house of the Pavlenishvili family
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleksandre Mgebrishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 149
ending page: 165

TREE CULT IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE INHABITANTS OF HERETI (BASED ON THE NEW FOLKLORE MATERIALS)
type: item
description: T he proposed article discusses the materials preserved in historical Hereti, which were recorded among the populations of Alibeglo and Karamesha villages in the Qakh district. The paper includes stories and legends that are deemed noteworthy and interesting. These stories are important for the advancement of the historiography and for promoting cultural awareness within the Georgian people. The inhabitants of Hereti have successfully maintained the beliefs and traditions passed down from their ancestors, in spite of past misfortunes. It is worth emphasizing the special reverence for “sacred items” and saints that we encounter in their corpus of memories, mirroring the identical attitude found in common Georgian folklore. Therefore, the folklore materials preserved in the consciousness of local residents resonate with common Georgian materials, affirming that Hereti has always been an integral part of Georgia. Overall, there has been limited research on the above-mentioned materials. We believe that researchers will find them intriguing and worthy of further exploration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: Hereti folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: tree worship
  topic: keywords
subject: beliefs
  topic: keywords
creator: Naile Mikeladze
creator: Mariam Papiashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 139
ending page: 148

ARCHETYPES OF THE CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS IN GURAM PANJIKIDZE’S NOVELS (‘THE SEVENTH HEAVEN’, ‘THE PRECIOUS GEM’ AND ‘THE YEAR OF THE ACTIVE SUN’)
type: item
description: The formation of an individual is achieved through the coordination of conscious and unconscious factors in their inner world. The harmonious or disharmonious relations among these factors contribute to the development of distinctly expressed characteristics, serving as a binding factor in the formation of individualism. The reading of Soviet literary works necessitates a fresh reception, considering the chronotopical context of the era. This reevaluation will significantly alter the perspectives of critics and readers, not only on the narrator but also on the leading characters within the narrative, their characteristics and views, particularly the factors contributing to the conscious or unconscious contents formed in them. This reexamination holds particular interest for post-colonial (post-Soviet) countries, which, following a distinctly different political trajectory, are engaged in the quest for their lost national identity. The analysis of the characters presented in Guram Panjikidze’s novels (‘The Precious Gem’, and ‘The Year of the Active Sun’) shows that the complex process of personality formation is a version conditioned by the congruence of the conscious and unconscious. The influence of any authoritarian state is evident in the collective unconscious, a realm from which individuals seldom seek liberation. This article illustrates how Soviet ideology stifled individuality and independence in the person even in seemingly insignificant aspects. While the individual unconscious is, to some extent, controllable, largely influenced by the quality of upbringing, the same cannot be said for archetypes. Not everyone wishes to rid themselves of archetypes, let alone successfully do so. The awareness of failure inevitably leads to internal and subconscious alienation in an individual, as exemplified by the writer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian literature of the Soviet period
  topic: keywords
subject: Guram Panjikidze
  topic: keywords
subject: novels
  topic: keywords
subject: artistic reception
  topic: keywords
subject: Soviet totalitarianism
  topic: keywords
creator: Tea Matchavariani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 129
ending page: 138

CRITICAL CONCERNS IN ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE’S JOURNALISTIC WORK (A FEW ASPECTS)
type: item
description: In the 1860s, Ilia Chavchavadze emerged as a prominent figure in the national movement. Through his publicist pieces, such as Life and Law, What Can I Tell You, How Can I Cheer You up, Equality of Ranks, and Our People and Education, the author delves into sociological, political, cultural, national, and socioeconomic issues of his contemporary society. In the process, he becomes a problem solver, immersing himself in the boiling anguish of his times. One of Ilia Chavchavadze’s great slogans was, ‘Let us dauntlessly spread genuine words among the people.’ However, it was the integrity of a truth-seeker that eventually led to his downfall. The qualities of a leader are evident in Ilia’s publicist pieces, portraying him as a compelling and impactful figure, who influences the audience through emotional communication. In his publicistic works, Ilia exposed the harsh realities of life for the Georgian people and their country in the 19th century. Ilia laid the groundwork for a democratic state by initiating and overseeing the Georgian language reform, the establishment of the Estate Bank, and the Society for Spreading Literacy among Georgians, among numerous other endeavors, all dedicated to serving Georgia and its people. The state governance model introduced by Ilia, along with the method of appointing government and self-government through elections, represents a true democracy model. Many of the problems he addressed are not only still urgent today but also require the application of the insight and courage envisioned by this great patriot nearly two centuries ago.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 19th-century Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilia Chavchavadze
  topic: keywords
subject: journalistic work
  topic: keywords
subject: national problems
  topic: keywords
subject: articles
  topic: keywords
creator: Nestan Mamuchadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 123
ending page: 128

VAZHA-PSHAVELA’S ‘HOST AND GUEST’ AND THEORY OF LIMINALITY (INTERPRETATION)
type: item
description: The purpose of this report is to examine Vazha-Pshavela’s ‘Host and Guest’ within the framework of liminality theory and provide a new interpretation of the literary text. The concept of liminality means the pass, the threshold between two different spaces. Liminality is associated with the transformation of social status, values, rules, and principles, but mostly with the process of searching for one’s own identity. According to the liminality theory in anthropology, variations of any kind imply three stages: 1. Separation, or detachment; a break from a certain social unity because of personal preference; at this point, the individual no longer exhibits the features characteristic of the social community. 2. Liminality, this stage involves disconnection from the normative context, constructing a world that is opposed to the previous one. 3. Incorporation/reaggregation, consolidation, reintegration into the community with the new social standing. Liminality theory is considered an interdisciplinary research method with the ability to address various phenomena in the fields of humanities and social sciences. The literature also presents a rather intriguing picture in this regard, adding depth to the understanding of the theory’s application.We have selected the text of VazhaPshavela’s ‘Host and Guest’ for our study based on this perspective. We believe that application of the liminality theory to this poem and identification and understanding of the stages of self-cognition process of the main characters in this context, can lead to interesting conclusions as the storyline develops.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anthropological theory of liminality
  topic: keywords
subject: Vazha-Pshavela
  topic: keywords
subject: ‘Host and Guest’
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Letodiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 114
ending page: 122

THE ISSUE OF WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION IN TAMAR PAPAVA’S EARLY PUBLICATIONS
type: item
description: Tamar Gogolashvili-Papava is one of the prominent representatives of the 20th-century Georgian emigration with a diverse legacy, in which the relevant and important issues of the era are well reflected. The problem of women›s emancipation should also be singled out among them. It is known that the issue of women›s emancipation became particularly acute in the second half of the 19th century both in America and Europe, and this movement had a resonance in Georgia. Women›s struggle for their rights was quite a complex and contradictory process. It was prompted not solely by the conservatism of patriarchal society but was also entangled with various other social issues. In 1909-1910, Tamar Papava addressed these issues through a series of articles in newspapers published in Georgia (‘Momavali’ (Future), ‘Akhali Skhivi’ (New Ray)). In addition to being informative and often educational in nature, these articles also reflected the situation in Georgia, which was quite difficult in this regard. When writing about these issues, Tamar Papava gave an overview of the situation in Europe, America, Finland, Norway, and Russia, and analyzed the active struggle of women for their rights, which was caused by changes in the political and economic spheres. She did not share the opinion that women were naturally characterized by weakness and inactivity, which placed them on a relatively low social level compared to men. She emphasized the class aspects in the women›s movement, their involvement in politics and so on. Tamar Papava›s correspondence clearly highlights the seriousness of the problem itself, the attitude of a traditional society towards the status of women, and the struggle of women to change the existing reality. Despite the descriptive nature of these articles, the accents in them still clearly reveal the author›s irreconcilability with the difficult social status of women.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian immigrant literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Tamar Papava
  topic: keywords
subject: publicism
  topic: keywords
subject: women›s emancipation
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
creator: Nestan Kutivadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 106
ending page: 114

CASES OF SYNTACTIC ASSIMILATION IN GURAM DOCHANASHVILI’S NOVEL ‘LODI NASAQDRAL’
type: item
description: The syntactic assimilation examples in Guram Dochanashvili’s novel ‘Lodi Nasaqdral’ are analyzed in this academic article. The author employs two methods to change the class of words: 1. lexical transformation (word production); 2. changing the sentence’s logical and grammatical function (syntactic assimilation). Syntactic assimilation, achieved through the compression of word combinations, analogy, and synonymy, leads to certain changes in words. A word out of its lexicalmorphological class loses its syntactic relationship. Consequently, the role of those morphemes that are no longer independent in a new situation weakens. However, it can retain features that do not interfere with the new syntactic structure. The latter is crucial for determining the structural features of the sentence. Guram Dochanashvili uses syntactic assimilation to characterize events or facts. On the basis of analogy and synonymy, the word class changes its grammatical role. Interestingly, parallels are drawn with historical persons or events. Special mention should be given to nominal adjectivation, nominalization of adjectives, numerals, as well as pronouns, the changes in the principle of coordination and subordination in the verb, and the transition of the adverb into the adjective and postposition. The writer often employs lexical units formed by the instrumental case marker (iĵulebiti) (compulsory), damaṭebiti (additional), smeniti (auditory), etc.) as a source of syntactic assimilation, where the case marker functions as a derivative. Such a replacement of the class of words should be distinguished from a homonymous parallel, because here we have not only assimilation, but also stable replacement. Words have already become “morphemes” (partial words) and cannot revert to their original meaning. When changing the class of words, it is important to transform different types of words into subordinating or coordinating elements, because the independent words სინტაქსური ასიმილაციის შემთხვევ…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Syntax of the Georgian language
  topic: keywords
subject: Guram Dochanashvili
  topic: keywords
subject: syntactic assimilation
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: syntactic features of prose
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariam Koberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 98
ending page: 105

BATUM OBLAST ACCORDING TO MATERIALS PRESERVED AT THE KUTAISI CENTRAL ARCHIVE
type: item
description: When researching the recent and modern periods of Georgian history, it is extremely important to find and analyze diverse documentary sources. The use and examination of archival materials are particularly important among them. In this article, we attempted to research and present information from diverse and interesting materials preserved at the Kutaisi Central Archive related to the Batum Oblast during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because this material is diverse and extensive, it is difficult to discuss it thoroughly in a single publication. After all, Batum Oblast was part of the Kutaisi Governorate for 20 years (1883-1903). Various agencies of the Kutaisi Governorate such as Gendarmerie Division, District Court, Provincial Division of Agriculture and State Property, and other powers had authority over Batum Oblast as well, representatives of these agencies were present in their capacity as assistants. These representatives provided all available information to the Governorate authorities, and as a result, valuable information about the administrative, socio-political, economic, social, and cultural development of Batum oblast, along with the colonial policy of tsarism, can be found in the annual reviews (the so-called «Obzorvs») of the Kutaisi Governorate. Our objective is to study these issues, which are the subject of the presented paper.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Batum Oblast in the 19th and 20th centuries
  topic: keywords
subject: Kutaisi Governorate
  topic: keywords
subject: materials of the Kutaisi Central Archive
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian colonialism
  topic: keywords
creator: Jemal Karalidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 87
ending page: 97

PARTICIPIAL SYNTAGMA MIMICKING VERBAL SYNTAGMA 1 ACCORDING TO THE GELATIAN MANUSCRIPT (K14)
type: item
description: According to the monuments of the old Georgian language, infinitive and participial forms have the ability to create verb syntagms. Such constructions indicate an early stage of language development, specifically a period when deverbal units (participial forms) were linked to actants in the same way as the corresponding verb forms. From the perspective of historical grammar, it is interesting to analyze the syntagma created by participial forms. Samples of the old Georgian language reveal that the participle creates a specific syntagma, namely, the one expected in the case of a verbal syntagma. Based on the material from the 12th-century Gelatian manuscript (K14), the article discusses such linguistic facts in which participial forms compose the construction of the verb phrase, and the noun is arranged in the same case as expected with the corresponding verb. In such syntagms, a simple complement in the genitive case is not linked to the participial forms. Instead, an actant in the dative case is connected to them, thereby creating a verb syntagm.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: Gelatian manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian syntax
  topic: keywords
subject: participle form syntagma
  topic: keywords
subject: morphology of the Georgian language
  topic: keywords
creator: David Iobidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 84
ending page: 87

TARIEL PUTKARADZE’S REFLECTIONS ON THE INSTITUTE OF DIALECTOLOGY (ACCORDING TO HIS DIARY)
type: item
description: The notes from Professor Tariel Putkaradze›s diary related to the early years of the Institute of Dialectology are analyzed in the proposed paper. “Kutaisi Odyssey’… It seems like Kutaisi has become my destiny…”, first entry reads (15.11.1992). From his perspective, all chances result from «probable inevitability.» This was exactly the “probable inevitability” that, thirty years ago, Academician Magali Todua, the then-rector of Kutaisi University offered him a position at the Institute of Dialectology that he had founded, on the advice of Academician Ketevan Lomtatidze and Prof. Tedo Uturgaidze. This opportunity “was somewhat of a relief to him, as he had been unemployed for a year” due to the persecution and oppression against supporters of the legitimate government in Tbilisi. With approval from the academic council, M. Todua appointed T. Putkaradze as the Director of the Institute of Dialectology on November 11, 1992. The scholar claimed that he had unexpectedly discovered himself at the center of science and leading a completely different life—far from politics!” “Following a great deal of hardship and oppression, it was a start toward living life fully”, though not without the great pain of being apart from his own family, which is evident throughout the entire diary. As someone with a warrior spirit, he then focused on the positive aspects of being alone. Launching the Institute of Dialectology seemed like a worthwhile endeavor to him. He actually stated that he was meant to undertake and follow through with it. Tariel Putkaradze devoted a significant portion of his life and career to the Institute of Dialectology. Thirty years ago, the institute, science in general, and the comparatively less hostile environment in Kutaisi protected him from political persecution. Despite the ‹distance in time and space,› his notes, given their significance, invite us to reflect on the initial steps of the Institute of Dialectology and, fundamentally, on the meaning of life a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akaki Tsereteli State University
  topic: keywords
subject: History of the Scientific Research Institute of Kartvelian Dialectology
  topic: keywords
subject: Tariel Putkaradze
  topic: keywords
creator: Yamze Vashakidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 20
ending page: 26