Kartvelian Heritage
type: channel
description: "Kartvelian Heritage" is the electronic copy of the annual scientific publication "Kartvelian Heritage" (ISSN 1512-09-53) of Tariel Putkaradze Kartvelology Scientific-Research Center at the Faculty of Humanities at Akaki Tsereteli State University (Kutaisi, Georgia). The proceedings of the international symposia "Kutaisi Discussions" organised by the Scientific-Research Center of Kartvelology, reviewed research papers in Kartvelology (linguistics, literary studies, folklore, historiography, culture studies, ethnology, etc.) and the texts of Kartvelian dialects obtained by the staff of the Centre are published in this journal. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/PUTK ISSN: 1512-0953
language: en
publication name: Kartvelian Heritage
issn: 1512-0953
items: Tetritsqali Alpine Settlement (Yaylas): An Authentic Monument of Georgian Identity in Turkey
items: Onomastic Materials of Shida Kartli in the Ottoman Historical Documents (The Great Defter of Tbilisi Vilayet)
items: article Georgians in Turkey in the book of articles, letters and essays by Prof. Tariel Putkaradze "lots of Things Together"
items: Bolshevik Terror and Religious Organizations in Georgia in the 1920s–1930s
items: Turkish Sports Vocabulary in Modern Georgian Language
items: Homer's Epic and Love in the Trojan War
items: article The Veterinary Convention on Health and Anımal Dıseases and the Turkısh-Georgıan Border in the Documents of the Turkısh Dıplomatıc Archıve
items: Two Neighboring Countries and Their Shared Eternal Values (Tamar Parchukıdze’s Poem Double Prayer)
items: MATERIALS FOR THE STRUCTURE OF MANUSCRIPT K-79
items: ON CONJUGATION OF VERBAL FORMS WITH AUXILIARIES IN THE SPEECH OF GEORGIANS OF TAO
items: FOR THE HISTORY OF ONE STORY BY MIKHEIL JAVAKHISHVILI
items: BANKING IN 19TH-CENTURY GEORGIA(BANKING INSTITUTIONSIN KUTAISI GOVERNORATE)
items: HEART-RELATED EXPRESSIONS IN ARABIC AND GEORGIAN
items: GEORGIAN MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKISH PHONOTACTICS
items: THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE KREMLIN IN THE CAUCASUS IN 1921-1944 (ACCORDING TO KONSTANTIN KANDELAKI’S REPORT)
items: COMMEMORATING DAYS OF THE DECEASED IN GALI (BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS OBTAINED IN GALI REGION)
items: SOPROM MGALOBLISHVILI ABOUT AKAKI TSERETELI
items: THE STATE BORDER WITH CHOROKHI AND NARRATIVES OF BORDER SETTLEMENTS IN FICTION AND ORAL HISTORIES
items: THE MYTH OF ETERNAL SPRING IN TAO-KLARJETI FOLKLORE
items: ON THE MATTER OF TERM BAIOBA
items: ON INTERRELATION BETWEEN “KOPHAD ARS” AND “DZHER-ARS KOPHAD” TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE FORMATION
items: LITERARY CRITICISM OF THE 80S OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND GIORGI TSERETELI
items: SENTIMENT-ANALYSIS IN GEORGIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE – MAIN RULES FOR DETERMINING SENTIMENT
items: STILL LIFES BY JAVA CHEISHVILI
items: WEDDING VOCABULARY AND FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN TAO-KLARJETIAN DIALECTS
items: ON POSTMODERNIST TRENDS IN GEORGIAN AND TURKISH NOVELS
items: FROM THE 18TH CENTURY REGARDING A GEORGIAN CAPTIVE SOLD IN EGYPT
items: THE GREEK WORLD AND BYRON
items: THE MEMOIRS OF HERBERT HOOVER ABOUT GEORGIA
items: GEORGIAN MONASTERY OF IZMIR (TURKEY)

Tetritsqali Alpine Settlement (Yaylas): An Authentic Monument of Georgian Identity in Turkey
type: item
description: For Georgians living in Turkey, the markers of self-identification comprise shared historical memory, cultural identity, spiritual connection to certain historical territories, and traditional ethnocultural heritage. These markers are especially well preserved in areas where Georgians live in compact settlements and in communities that have not undergone displacement. While ancestral traditions persist to some degree across all regions, the seasonal cattle-breeders’ summer settlements – yaylas – remain particularly notable for preserving core elements of traditional ethnoculture. Here, a distinctive cultural microcosm has developed, within which collective memory has preserved Georgian ethnocultural values and the defining attributes of Georgian national identity with remarkable completeness. The paper explores the traditional life and activities of the yaylas which, exemplified by the Tetritsqali Alpine Settlement, remain remarkably similar to those in their historical homeland. The Tetritsqali summer pastures serve as seasonal settlements for the inhabitants of the Devskeli Valley villages – Araveti, Devskeli, Bagini, Shuakhevi, and others. The Devskeli Valley begins on the Karchkhali Ridge and merges with the Chorokhi River near Borchkha. Each village in the valley has its own “mountain” (yayla), where herders drive their cattle during the summer months. The care of the livestock and the processing of dairy products are overseen by a meshorde (female herder). Even after living for many years within a foreign political, economic, and sociocultural environment, the indigenous Georgians have retained their ethnic self-identification and the core markers of national identity. Their language, customs, oral traditions, and rituals, as well as key elements of material and spiritual culture, have been preserved to a remarkable degree in this community. These include the entirely archaic type of dwelling – the thatched jargvaluri house with a skylight in the roof, an eart…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian identity in Turkey
  topic: keywords
subject: cattle herders' stalls
  topic: keywords
subject: Tetritsqali Alpine Settlement (yayla)
  topic: keywords
creator: Roin Malakmadze
creator: Tamila Lomtatidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 78
ending page: 89

Onomastic Materials of Shida Kartli in the Ottoman Historical Documents (The Great Defter of Tbilisi Vilayet)
type: item
description: The present article examines onomastic materials from the Shida Kartli region. The research is based on an analysis of toponyms and anthroponyms from the Prone Gorge recorded in the 1728 Detailed Register of Tbilisi Province (the 1728 Great Defter of Tbilisi Vilayet). The document was compiled by Turkish officials sent to eastern Georgia with the objective of determining the exact population numbers for taxation purposes. The Detailed Register describes 53 villages located in Dvani, Ptsa and Ali Prone: Saghvalasheni, Aradeti, Tsveri, Breti, Dirbi, Dvani, Toletubani, Avnevi, Tsunari, Turmaneuli, Bekmari, Nuli, Malda, Tsurbisi, Kornisi, Erkneti. Berdzenauli, Ptsa, Tkotsa, Avlevi, Mdzvivleti, Tamarasheni, Tseronisi, Abisi, Satsikhuri, Chvirnisi, Baliti, Kaliti, Patkineti, Tsireti, Atutsi, Urmishkheli, Gharistavi, Shindara, Surnisi, Tighva, Dzaghina, Khtane, Terugvani, Akhalsheni, Khundisubani, Okona, Knole, Somaneti, Vaka, Sative, Brili, Domatskho; Kindzati, Ali, Utslevi, and Ulumba. The anthroponymic structure of personal names is predominantly bipartite, and typically includes: 1. Name + father's name (Dimitri, son of George); 2. Name + brother (Tamaza, his brother); 3. Name + son (Giorgi, his son). More rarely, a title (e.g., nobleman, prince) appears together with a personal name. Simple names may end in either a vowel or a consonant— for example, Giorgi, Shio, Lazare, Saba, Baram, Simon, Elioz. Consonant-stemmed names frequently occur in their stem form, as in Zaal, Baram, and Simon. Personal names are formed with endearment and diminutive affixes in the nominative case, such as: -ia (Onia, Khosia), -una (Datuna, Babuna), -uka (Mamuka, Beruka), -ita (Osita, Karsita), -ika (Datika, Khakhajika), -ina (Kogina, Berdina), -a (Makhara, Zakara), -ila (Gokila, Kokila), and -ua (Bachua, Adua). Complex anthroponyms are rarely attested, including Sulkhanisi, Khakhajika, Avberda, and Mamisimedi. Names formed with diminutive affixes commonly occur with a possessive case marker…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Great Defter of Tbilisi Vilayet
  topic: keywords
subject: Shida Kartli
  topic: keywords
subject: Prone Gorge
  topic: keywords
subject: Toponyms
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthroponyms
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariam Koberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 68
ending page: 77
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.07

article Georgians in Turkey in the book of articles, letters and essays by Prof. Tariel Putkaradze "lots of Things Together"
type: item
description: The article presents the position of Prof. Tariel Putkaradze on problematic issues related to the indigenous population of historical Tao-Klarjeti and the descendants of Muhajir Georgians who fled to Turkey as a result of the Russian-Ottoman wars in the 2nd half of the 19th century, based on the materials collected in his book of articles, letters and essays (“Many Things Together”). Author of the letters: He considers it possible to “save Georgians from inevitable assimilation” in the sphere of Turkish influence by knowing their mother tongue, which implies both the study of the Georgian literary language and the “preservation of the dialects” of the Georgians in Turkey; this was precisely the goal of the dialectological expeditions carried out in the historical Tao-Klarjeti region under the leadership of Prof. Tariel Putkaradze. Holds both the Georgian and Turkish states equally responsible for preserving the identity of the ethnic Georgian population of Turkey; In this regard, the Turkish government's law on permitting the study of the Georgian language was important, as well as the concern for the restoration of the Georgian monuments of Tao-Klarjeti, which was determined by both "activated tourist interests" and the interest of Georgians and scientific circles in these monuments in Turkey; He sees the basis for the survival of the linguistic-ethnic identity of autochthonous minorities in the availability of proper education and objective research results, and that Turkish and Georgian colleagues should "jointly create a shared vessel" for the survival of Georgian culture and identity; Focusing on what we, Christian and Muslim Georgians, have in common: blood, historical memory, land, traditions, mother tongue, and literary culture. The issue of Turkish Georgians is discussed in direct connection with the relationship between Georgia and Turkey, which should be based on the geopolitical interests of sides, good neighborliness, and the reality established by acad…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgians in Turkey
  topic: keywords
subject: Tao-Klarjeti
  topic: keywords
subject: Tariel Putkaradze
  topic: keywords
creator: Iamze Vashakidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 59
ending page: 67
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.06

Bolshevik Terror and Religious Organizations in Georgia in the 1920s–1930s
type: item
description: During the 1920s and 1930s, Georgia was part of the modernized Soviet empire—initially within the Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Republic and, from 1936 onward, as a nominally ‘independent’ Soviet republic. By this time, totalitarian rule had been fully consolidated throughout the Soviet Union. The Bolshevik regime launched extensive and brutal repression against perceived opponents, with religious communities—Christian and non-Christian alike—subjected to particularly severe persecution. The Soviet authorities considered religiosity to be an obstacle to the construction of socialism and thus pursued systematic campaigns to undermine and eradicate it. In Georgia, the Orthodox Church was declared an organization lacking legal authority by a decree of April 15, 1921, followed by large-scale confiscation of church property and persecution of clergy. Similar repressive measures were directed against the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Muslim community, the Catholic Church, and later, Protestant denominations and various sectarian groups. Hundreds of Armenian churches were closed between 1921 and 1939, and numerous priests were imprisoned. In 1925, the Soviet authorities organized a reformist movement within the Armenian Church called the Brotherhood of the Free Armenian Church, which displayed loyalty toward the Soviet regime and fought against the old, experienced clergy. Following the anti-Soviet statements of Pope Pius XI, the authorities ceased to place any trust in Catholic clergy and lay believers alike. There were instances in which active members of the Komsomol insulted Catholic priests, demolished stone crosses, and desecrated sacred objects housed within Catholic churches. The Bolshevik authorities subjected prominent Georgian Catholic clergy to particularly severe persecution. In 1923, Konstantine Saparashvili, priest of the Catholic Church in Gori, was expelled from the city, and the church itself was closed. He subsequently moved to Ude and later served a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Armenian Church
  topic: keywords
subject: Catholic Church
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslim community
  topic: keywords
subject: Jewish rabbis
  topic: keywords
subject: Protestant churches
  topic: keywords
creator: Sergo Vardosanidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 47
ending page: 58
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.05

Turkish Sports Vocabulary in Modern Georgian Language
type: item
description: The Georgian language, as a bearer of a rich system of cultural and historical contacts, has borrowed and adapted lexical units from various languages ​​for centuries. One of the prominent areas in which the process of linguistic borrowing is distinctly attested is the sports-related lexicon. Of particular interest is the study of the sports terms of Turkic origin that entered Georgian language in past centuries and became integrated into the Georgian cultural and linguistic system. The present article aims to analyze the historical mechanisms by which these words became integrated into the lexical system of the Georgian language. The study of Turkish sports vocabulary makes it possible to assess its influence on the Georgian language both historically and in modern usage. The spread of this vocabulary simultaneously reflects regional connections and linguistic dynamics, making the topic a relevant subject of linguistic inquiry. Particular attention is given to terms such as game, exercise, tulukhchi (water carrier), field, and chokha (outer tunic, traditional Caucasian coat), and others, which have long been in active use in the speech of athletes, coaches, fans, sports journalists, and commentators. The importance of this study stems from the fact that sport represents one of the most dynamic domains of linguistic innovation. Methodologically, the study relies on comparative analysis and draws upon historical sources and lexicographic materials As a result of the study, it was revealed that most of these terms have already been lexicalized in Georgian, often in a phonetically adapted form. Grammatically, they conform to the rules of the Georgian language and take the appropriate case markers. Overall, these findings clearly demonstrate both the flexibility of adaptation mechanisms in Georgian and its marked receptivity to lexical borrowings originating from culturally and socially adjacent communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sports vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkish terminology in Georgian
  topic: keywords
subject: borrowed vocabulary
  topic: keywords
creator: Vaja Danelia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 36
ending page: 46
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.04

Homer's Epic and Love in the Trojan War
type: item
description: In his works ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’, Homer offers insights into his attitudes toward women, reflecting the societal views of the period to which he belonged (8th century BCE). This also extends to the heroic age of great wars and powerful kingdoms, which Homer seeks to reconstruct, and which classical philology designates as the Mycenaean age and the era of the Trojan War (16th-13th centuries BCE). By setting earlier and later conceptions of women’s status in deliberate contrast, the poet is able to articulate a set of nuanced and broadly resonant reflections on this topic. This study proceeds by examining selected textual details and thematic developments in order to assess how The Iliad and The Odyssey represent attitudes toward women in the context of the Trojan War, as well as how they construct emotional expression and the motif of love. To clarify this issue, we will examine a series of couples who serve as the basis for understanding the dynamics between men and women during the Trojan War. These couples are: Hector and Andromache, Odysseus and Penelope, Alcinous and Arete, Alexander and Helen, Menelaus and Helen, and Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. All of these couples are linked through marital bonds. This is hardly surprising, as the fundamental social unit depicted in the epics—both among the Achaeans and the Trojans—is the family, whose principal and fully recognized members are the husband, the wife, and the children. Homer presents an idealized vision of marriage. In his epics, women preserve their traditional roles: they love their husbands, attend to their customary tasks and obligations, and care for their children and spouses. Yet Homer's perspective on women is strikingly innovative, for he elevates the marital bond to a level of romantic attachment that would scarcely be matched in later literature—and was absent in real social practice at least until the Classical period (5th-4th centuries BCE). Homer is interested not in the isolated figure—whether …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homer
  topic: keywords
subject: Iliad and Odyssey
  topic: keywords
subject: Trojan war
  topic: keywords
subject: married couples
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Gvenetadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 27
ending page: 35
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.03

article The Veterinary Convention on Health and Anımal Dıseases and the Turkısh-Georgıan Border in the Documents of the Turkısh Dıplomatıc Archıve
type: item
description: After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, the Georgian Mensheviks took control of the administration in Georgia and declared independence. However, this was short-lived: following the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan by the Bolsheviks, Red Army troops entered Tbilisi, and the Georgian Soviet government was established in 1921. During the subsequent Soviet period, Turkish-Georgian relations evolved, largely influenced by the broader dynamics of Turkish-Soviet interactions. Although there were no insurmountable problems until the beginning of World War II, Turkish-Soviet relations grew tense as the war progressed, and this tension continued to escalate even after the war. Turkey maintained a keen interest in Georgia along the Soviet border, monitoring developments closely and informing the Turkish Foreign Ministry and other relevant state institutions. The archival documents related to Georgia mainly cover military, political, demographic, territorial, migratory, and commercial relations. Following the cession of Batumi to Georgia under the Treaty of Moscow, population movements intensified, leading to problems related to borders and land ownership. One of these problems was related to animal health, which required regulations on the movement of livestock to pastures and meadows. To avoid any risks during border crossings, Turkey closely monitored developments concerning the sanitary situation and epidemics in neighboring Georgia. According to a 1923 report, although investigations revealed no presence of diseases such as cholera or typhus in Georgian ports, the need arose to take measures against contagious animal diseases along the Turkish–Georgian border between Turkey and the USSR, and the possibility of concluding an agreement was brought to the agenda in this context. A 17-article Veterinary Agreement (Contract) was signed between Turkey and Georgia on August 6, 1928, in Ankara, along with three protocols and annexes that were approved on the same day. The agr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgia-Turkey relations
  topic: keywords
subject: veterinary agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemic
  topic: keywords
creator: Zehra Aslan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 20
ending page: 26
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.02

Two Neighboring Countries and Their Shared Eternal Values (Tamar Parchukıdze’s Poem Double Prayer)
type: item
description: Turkey and Georgia are neighboring countries with a long history and ongoing interaction. This interaction has not been limited to political and commercial relations; it has also left deep traces in cultural fields such as art, literature, music, and religion. Especially from the late 19th century onward, Georgia—positioned as a border region between the Ottoman and Russian Empires—served as an important cultural bridge and frontier zone for Turkey. This article analyzes the cultural, historical, and religious interactions between Turkey and Georgia within a literary framework, focusing on the Georgian poet Tamar Parchukidze’s poem “ორგვარი ლოცვა” (Double Prayer). While the poem portrays peaceful coexistence through shared prayer rituals in a world where Christianity and Islam meet, it also emphasizes the intertwining of collective historical memory, shared spaces, and religious symbols. The use of important places such as Narikala, Tbilisi, Mecca, and Jerusalem as symbols with poetic meaning demonstrates how geography and intercultural dialogue are transformed into a lyrical narrative. In the poem, the religious symbolism of Christianity and Islam—and the relationship between the two faiths—take on a distinct poetic form. By juxtaposing Christian and Muslim rituals, and blending the imagery of a mosque, a church, and the sounds of prayer and adhan, the poem becomes a cultural mosaic. Tamar Parchukidze’s poem Double Prayer goes beyond a mere individual prayer or religious text, becoming a poetic reflection of the cultural ties that have existed for centuries between Turkey and Georgia. The poem demonstrates that different faith systems, such as Christianity and Islam, can peacefully coexist. Tamar Parchukidze’s poetry clearly exemplifies the power of literature to transcend political boundaries and create emotional bridges between people.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Turkish-Georgian cultural relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Tamar Parchukidze
  topic: keywords
subject: Double Prayer
  topic: keywords
creator: Sudan Altun Altun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 9
ending page: 19
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2025.29.01

MATERIALS FOR THE STRUCTURE OF MANUSCRIPT K-79
type: item
description: A liturgical source (“Lenten Triodion”) of an interesting structure, identified as K-79, has been preserved at the Kutaisi Historical Museum. According to the colophon, the text is of Giorgi Mtatsmindeli’s redaction. The manuscript has not yet been studied and published. The description of the manuscript, published in 1953, is incomplete and inaccurate. In the proposed article, we present materials that demonstrate an interesting picture in terms of the structure as well as the editorial affiliation of the text of “Lenten Triodion” in K-79. Comparison of the text with parts of the manuscript Par-5 (the first part of which is an important source of the “Lenten Triodion” by Giorgi Mtatsmindeli) helped us determine the structure of the manuscript, the editorial affiliation of the text, and the authors of individual hymns. The discussed material is valuable for a complete description of the manuscript, which, for its part, will enable us to identify sources of the text and its structure. At this phase of research, it is safe to specify that the manuscript K-79 contains several redactions of the text of “Lenten Triodion” and in view of the liturgical practice, a number of changes have been introduced into the hymn translated by Giorgi Mtatsmindeli.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: Lenten Triodion
  topic: keywords
subject: Manuscript structure
  topic: keywords
subject: editorial affiliation
  topic: keywords
creator: Tamaz Devidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2022-11-01
publication date: 2022-11-01
starting page: 36
ending page: 47
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.05

ON CONJUGATION OF VERBAL FORMS WITH AUXILIARIES IN THE SPEECH OF GEORGIANS OF TAO
type: item
description: The Conjugation of verbal forms with auxiliaries was not a characteristic of the archaic literary Georgian. The relevant examples have begun to occur in Georgian literary monuments since the 10th-11th centuries. The descriptive patterns are widely spread in dialects, compared to the literary language.The proposed article offers an analysis of the material recorded by us in the villages of Tao (Turkey) in the course of the dialectological expedition of 2011-2022. For comparison, we have also employed the published texts of the Taoian dialect (Sh. Putkaradze, 1993; M. Paghava, 2020). In Taoian dialect, there are the occurences of descriptive forms of transitive verbs in Present Indicative (vtḥri-vart - vtḥrit, we dig, vrċqi-vart , we water, svam-ḥar, you drink), which indicate the tendency toward uniformity; they seem to be formed in the nalogy of intransitive verbs (vt’iri-var (I cry), ic’ini-ḥar (you laugh) and so on). In Taoian dialect, the number of patterns of verbal forms with auxiliaries is relatively small, compared to the forms with organic formation. It should be considered that the contact between Georgian and Turkish, to some extent, contributed to the dissemination of patterns of verbal forms with auxiliaries in present in Taoian dialect (any types of verbs in present time in Turkish are verbal forms with auxiliaries). However, considering the dynamics of the emergence and development of verbal forms with auxiliaries in the Georgian literary language and the dialects, the current situation in Taoian seems to be the result of the functioning of inner rules of development within the dialect. The same situation is found in the Kartvelian dialects – Megrelian and Lower Svan. It can be claimed that the rule of forming verbal forms with auxiliaries in Taoan is similar to that of the Georgian literary language and the dialects, and it reflects the common Kartvelian way of verb formation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian language
  topic: keywords
subject: Taoian dialect
  topic: keywords
subject: verb formation
  topic: keywords
creator: Eka Dadiani
creator: Pikria Tchanturia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2022-11-01
publication date: 2022-11-01
starting page: 27
ending page: 35
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.04

FOR THE HISTORY OF ONE STORY BY MIKHEIL JAVAKHISHVILI
type: item
description: A distinguished Georgian writer and a master of prose, Mikheil Javakhishvili (1880-1937), following “Jako’s Lodgers”, created another story, “A Cup”, which was somewhat forgotten by literary experts, being first published in “Mnatobi” magazine (#2-3) in 1928. Later it was included in the collection of the writer’s works. The main character of the story is Nodar Shubidze, a chemistry scholar and inventor, who left Georgia immediately after the arrival of the Bolsheviks, departing for Paris together with other emigrant Georgians. After eight years of thinking, evaluating, and analyzing political events, despite the fact that the newly-formed Soviet Union is threatened by the war on the part of Europe, he is determined to return there, to his homeland, but with something new, with a gift - a porcelain cup created as a result of the experience obtained in a tablecloth factory, selfless work, and experiments, which will create new opportunities for the chemical industry of the newly-established Soviet Georgia. “A Cup” distinctly demonstrated the clash of ideas that encompassed the nation in the process of introducing novelty. Here, the artistry is perfectly combined with the main goal of the writer to show this process, however, the end of the story still poses a question to the main character and the reader. The purpose of the article is to show these sides of M. Javakhishvili’s story and the political process that manifests the Georgian reality of the 1920s in a way that to some extent is implicit.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Tamar Gogoladze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2022-11-01
publication date: 2022-11-01
starting page: 22
ending page: 26
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.03

BANKING IN 19TH-CENTURY GEORGIA(BANKING INSTITUTIONSIN KUTAISI GOVERNORATE)
type: item
description: The article describes the period of Georgian history (the second half of the 19th century), when the long-suffering Georgian society, caught in the clutches of Russian imperialism was looking for ways of self-preservation and a solution. The nobility considered the Land Bank to be the only pillar for maintaining rank and property advantage. The financial affairs of the bank in Tbilisi and Kutaisi were accompanied by contradictions, difficulties, and ideological and class disagreements among likeminded people; this largely hindered the completion of beneficial financial affairs for the country. The article clearly shows that the bank should not have been an organization of the privileged and a source of their enrichment, a defender of class interests, or a place of confrontation, but rather a profit-oriented general public institution based on democratic principles. The article, on the one hand, presents various spheres of political and socioeconomic life in Georgia and the connection with the banking sector and, on the other hand, the charity provided by the bank from specifically established funds to various educational institutions, students of higher education institutions, schools, theater, the Society for the Spreading of Literacy Among Georgians, and private individuals. The article informs the readers that the Land Bank of Tbilisi and Kutaisi honorably fulfilled its mission and left its imprint on the material well-being of the Georgian nation
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banking in Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: Kutaisi Governorate
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilia Chavchavadze
  topic: keywords
subject: Besarion Ghoghoberidze
  topic: keywords
creator: Tea Gagua
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2022-11-01
publication date: 2022-11-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 21
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.02

HEART-RELATED EXPRESSIONS IN ARABIC AND GEORGIAN
type: item
description: In general, metaphors allow us to grasp the invisible world. Metaphoricality, in its turn, clearly manifests itself in somatic phraseology. Metaphors basically employ body parts, and organs, such as a heart, an eye, a hand, bile, and so on. Phraseological expressions are primarily studied in regard to these concepts since they are the phraseologizing words and the semantic dominants. We have studied one of the most common word-concepts - “heart” - in Arabic, further comparing it with the Georgian data. Among positive emotions, love, joy, satisfaction, approval, kindness, sympathy, consolation, etc. are associated with a heart. As for negative emotions, heart-related ones include grief, fear, sadness, frustration, rage, revenge, and hatred. The following intellectual processes are also associated with a heart: thinking, intuition, convictions, inspiration, memorization, diligence, and even physiological phenomena, such as hunger, growth as well as moral issues. The content of the somatic idioms is similar in many languages. These idioms found in Georgian and Arabic represent patterns formed in certain ways; however, they once again demonstrate that there are universal human feelings described by every distinct culture from their own perspective and these feelings are often compatible with those attested in completely different and unique cultures. The analysis of idioms reveals that universal phraseologisms are often used in order to express grief or joy. Their existence can be explained by the causality of thought; in different languages, they may develop independently or occur as calques. We can infer that in both languages deep human feelings and experiences are primarily heart-related.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian vocabular y
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: phraseological expressions
  topic: keywords
creator: Lela Avaliani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: 7
ending page: 12
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.01

GEORGIAN MATERIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF TURKISH PHONOTACTICS
type: item
description: According to the phonotactic strategy of the Turkish languages, in the last syllablAccording to the phonotactic strategy of the Turkish languages, in the last syllable of a word, the wide labial vowel /o/ is replaced by the narrow labial vowel /u/. The Georgian name of the ridge Tortomi, located in the territory of Turkey today, was pronounced as Tortum by the Turks. Similarly, the Ĉoroḥi river was named Çoruh in Turkish. The town now known as Batumi, which is still Batomi in the Gurian dialect, was likely established with Turkish influence, leading to its Turkish-style name – Batumi. Pronouncing two or more consonants at the beginning of a syllable poses an insurmountable articulatory challenge for Turkish speakers. The words of Turkish origin do not typically contain the syllable CCV(C). Borrowed words with two or more consonants at the beginning of the syllable undergo phonological processing when they are “turkified,” involving a process called prothesis (where a vowel is added before two consonants at the beginning of a syllable) and epenthesis (where two consonants are split at the beginning of a syllable and a vowel is placed in the middle). This process helps overcome the clustering of consonants at the beginning of the syllable. Georgian toponymic data is utilized to demonstrate the functioning of prothesis. Speri is a region in historical southwestern Georgia, now known as İspir, a municipality in Turkey. Sṭepanċminda appears in a prothetic form in a fiscal document drafted in 1595, as recorded in ‘The Great Book of the Gurjistan Vilayet’: استڥانزمنده /istefānzmnda/. The Georgian toponym sķarebi has been rendered as اسكارب /isкarb/ by the Ottoman Turk defterdar. The same document indicates the national toponyms that feature an epenthetic vowel: blorĵa – /bulurĵa/, dgvari – /dugar/, zresķi – /zirsķ/, tmogvi – /tumk/, pruṭi – / purud/, ğjrṭila – /γirdla/, ċre – /ċire/, ċrioḥi – /ċirioḥ/, ċqorĵa – /ċuqurĵa/, ċqruti – / ċuqurt/, etc. In specific cases of proth…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phonotactic rules of the Turkish language
  topic: keywords
subject: prothesis
  topic: keywords
subject: epenthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian onomastic units
  topic: keywords
creator: Marika Jikia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 300
ending page: 305
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.38

THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE KREMLIN IN THE CAUCASUS IN 1921-1944 (ACCORDING TO KONSTANTIN KANDELAKI’S REPORT)
type: item
description: In 1921, Soviet Russia invaded Georgia. The absolute majority of the members of the Democratic Republic of Georgia’s Government and the Constituent Assembly (Parliament) left the country and emigrated. Among them was Mr. Konstantine (Kotsia) Kandelaki, a member of the Constituent Assembly, the Minister of Finance and Trade-Industry. In exile, Konstantine Kandelaki published several remarkable works on economic issues. His unpublished work titled ’Kremlin’s National Policy in the Caucasus,’ preserved in the National Archives of Georgia, was presented in the form of a report in one of the institutions in Europe. In this work, the author delves into all the corrupt aspects of Soviet Russia’s national policy in the Caucasus, which placed the nations of the Caucasus in a disastrous situation. The Russification process was executed through unprecedented methods. In November and December 1943 and February 1944, nearly one million people were killed in the Karachay and the Balkarian Autonomous Oblasts, as well as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Simultaneously, the ethnic Russian population was rapidly relocated to these territories. This strategy mirrored the historical precedent set by Tsarist Russia, which, in 1864, deported the Cherkess from the Caucasus and replaced them with Russian settlers. The political leadership of the Soviet Union was guided by this historical context in their actions. Clearly, the Caucasus held significant strategic importance for Soviet authorities in advancing their interests in Asia. According to K. Kandelaki, Kremlin politics is coercive. The peoples of the Caucasus deserve freedom, and once they are free, they will find common ground for unrestricted collaboration with peace-valuing countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The national policy of Russia in the Caucasus
  topic: keywords
subject: 1921-1944
  topic: keywords
subject: accomplishments of Konstantine Kandelaki
  topic: keywords
creator: Levan Jikia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 293
ending page: 299
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.37

COMMEMORATING DAYS OF THE DECEASED IN GALI (BASED ON ETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS OBTAINED IN GALI REGION)
type: item
description: Funeral and mourning customs are too conservative and encompass essential peculiarities, making them significant for the study of traditional viewpoints. In general, the cult of the deceased is a vast topic. Due to its broad scope, we will focus on specific details or material facts of historical-cultural memory that serve as evidence for the preservation of older traditions. In terms of Geography, the research theme covers the present-day Gali region, historically known as Samurzakano. Recent political-economic and relevant sociocultural circumstances have sparked interest in the ethnographic objects of this region. Today, the Gali population is dispersed across various Georgian regions, facing challenges related to their scattered presence. Consequently, their characteristic traditions are changing rapidly in comparison to those in Gali. In Gali, after the death of a family member, mourners used to initiate a ritual meal dedicated to the soul of the deceased within their own family. They divided the expenses into two parts: one related to specifically selected memorial days (the 7th Day, the 40th Day, and the first anniversary after the passing of the deceased), and the other associated with customs for other soul blessing days on different holidays. The paper includes ethnographic materials obtained in present-day Gali, revealing close typological similarities to customs found in different regions of Georgia. In Gali, the world of the deceased is referred to as Oshureti. The service for the souls of the deceased is also noteworthy, with the late souls being judged based on their sins and grace, as described in the ethnographic materials. According to religious beliefs, the deceased played a significant role in the lives of their family members and relatives, capable of bringing either good or bad luck depending on how the family members treated and served the souls of the deceased. The special commemorative days, common in Gali, demonstrated the supreme power att…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethnography of Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnographic material of Gali region
  topic: keywords
subject: tradition of commemorating the deceased
  topic: keywords
subject: Tabaki - food and drink blessed by priest.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Kharchilava
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 287
ending page: 292
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.36

SOPROM MGALOBLISHVILI ABOUT AKAKI TSERETELI
type: item
description: When appraising Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s literary contributions, his commendable role as a memoirist stands out prominently. He commenced writing and disseminating memoirs during the 1900s. In 1910, the initial five chapters of his memoirs found publication in the ‘Eri’ magazine, with subsequent installments appearing in the ‘Temi’ newspaper. Following Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s demise, literary scholar Levan Asatiani diligently assembled and published nearly all of the author’s memoirs in a single volume. Soprom Mgaloblishvili crafted remarkable memoirs depicting Georgian writers and public figures. His intimate familiarity and both personal and professional connections with most of these individuals uniquely positioned him to share insights that remain unparalleled among other memoirists. Notably, his recollections of Akaki Tsereteli are particularly noteworthy. He dedicated two memories to the poet: ‘Akaki Is With Us’ and ‘Akaki’, both of which were published in the ‘Theatre and Life’ magazine (N5, N7) around the time of the poet’s passing. The memoirist especially mentions Akaki’s quality as a genuine poet, highlighting his love of travel and his desire to be close to people. He compares the nature of Ilia and Akaki, noting that Akaki’s extensive travels contribute to his deep understanding of people. In contrast, Ilia remains more confined to his study, known personally only to the city’s nobility. Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s two memoirs, ‘Akaki Is With Us’ and ‘Akaki’ were composed with profound affection and reverence for Akaki Tsereteli. Within these memoirs, a captivating portrayal of the poet emerges, continuing to intrigue readers to this day.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian memoir literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Akaki Tsereteli
  topic: keywords
subject: Soprom Mgaloblishvili
  topic: keywords
creator: Magda Chikaberidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 282
ending page: 286
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.35

THE STATE BORDER WITH CHOROKHI AND NARRATIVES OF BORDER SETTLEMENTS IN FICTION AND ORAL HISTORIES
type: item
description: The work draws from a diverse range of sources, including scientific literature, literary texts, and oral histories from villages (Kveda Maradidi, Zeda Maradidi, Kirnati, Kheba) located along the Georgia-Turkey border strip adjacent to the Chorokhi River (materials of the field expeditions of 2021-2023). The primary objective of this study is to explore specific thematic arcs that emerge from oral histories and fiction. Key areas of focus include narratives concerning demarcation and the border in generational memory, instances of smuggling, intelligence activities spanning the periods before, during, and after the World War II, as well as the dynamics of cross-border settlements and the evolution of communication methods. In the early 1920s, a significant geopolitical development unfolded as the state border between Turkey and the Soviet Union severed land and water connections, impacting valleys and villages in Georgia. A substantial portion of historical southern Georgia was incorporated into Turkey’s territory. Initially, until the mid-1930s, inhabitants living across the border maintained the ability to interact and traverse freely. However, over time, the border regime progressively tightened, particularly during and after the World War II. Notably, the dissolution of the Soviet Union marked a turning point in this situation. The timeliness of this research is underscored by its dual focus on the Chorokhi border settlements and the broader spatial transformation precipitated by the new border geography since the early 20th century. It’s worth highlighting that interest in narratives about state borders and border settlements has persisted throughout various eras, prompting numerous creators to engage with this subject matter. Consequently, the oral traditions of the Chorokhi basin contribute valuable material. The distinct nature of the border motif is predominantly informed by historical realities. In analytical texts, a discernible patriotic sentiment coexis…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Narratives of Georgia-Turkey border villages
  topic: keywords
subject: narratives of KirnatiMaradidi
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia-Turkey relations
  topic: keywords
subject: 20th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Malkhaz Chokharadze
creator: Nino Turmanidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 272
ending page: 281
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.34

THE MYTH OF ETERNAL SPRING IN TAO-KLARJETI FOLKLORE
type: item
description: The myth of the eternal spring, or the paradise lost, is a common theme found in the folklore of almost all ancient peoples globally. In Georgian oral tradition, the myth of eternal spring is linked to the name of King Tamar and is known in various versions. It is entirely expected and natural, as in the consciousness of the society where this myth originated, Tamar’s kingdom was envisioned as the ‘Golden Age’—a paradise on Earth with King Tamar as its unequaled creator, ruler, and devoted, caring guardian. Today, the myth of eternal spring is no longer associated with the name of King Tamar in the historical memory of the Georgian-speaking, though Muslim, population in the historical Georgian regions of the Republic of Turkey - Tao and Klarjeti. This phenomenon is associated with the arrival of snow, disrupting the lives of Christian monks. Such transformations serve as evidence that the consciousness of Tao and Klarjeti Georgians shares a common cultural source rooted in Georgian culture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: Tao-Klarjeti folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: Mythos of Eternal Spring
  topic: keywords
creator: Tina Shioshvili
creator: Tamar Matchutadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 267
ending page: 271
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.33

ON THE MATTER OF TERM BAIOBA
type: item
description: In the Kartvelian languages, two lexemes — baioba and bzoba — are found that signify the feast commemorating Christ›s entry into Jerusalem. Both terms raise questions; clarification is required regarding the connection between the feast and either of the terms, or what caused the establishment of the two distinct word forms in Megrelian and Svan (the first term), as well as in the common ecclesiastical domain (the second term). It is worth noting that the term baioba is preferred in some Gospel manuscripts and liturgical texts. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the Agapes of the Cross Monastery in Jerusalem use the term baioba rather than bzoba. As early as the 11th-13th centuries, if not earlier, the term have had a conventional form, with baiaoba appears to bzoba not yet surpassing it. Otherwise, the copyist of the Agape, the translator, or the scribe of the Gospels would have written bzoba instead of baioba. The feast›s name, baioba, appears to have existed centuries before the term bzoba was coined. This fact determines the viability of the term in modern Megrelian and Svan. For comparison, one could cite the terms like tanapa, p’ičvani, which allegedly derived from sermons by Andrew the First-Called and Simon the Zealot (or Simon the Canaanite) and originated at least three centuries before the creation of the common ecclesiastical terms aġdgoma Easter) and how aġdgoma and marḥva (fasting). This illustrates marḥva forms could not eliminate preexisting terms. A similar conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between the terms baioba and bzoba.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian religious terminology
  topic: keywords
subject: Kartvelian terms
  topic: keywords
subject: baioba / bzoba
  topic: keywords
creator: Revaz Sherozia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 264
ending page: 266
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2022.26.23

ON INTERRELATION BETWEEN “KOPHAD ARS” AND “DZHER-ARS KOPHAD” TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE FORMATION
type: item
description: The connection between the categories of modality and time has been addressed in various linguistic studies based on data from different languages. Our work aims to explore the relationship between Future tense and Modal semantics in Old and Middle Georgian, using a descriptive model of future expression. In Old Georgian, the so-called categorical future forms (kophad ars, mislvad ars, etc.) conveyed, both the action to be taken in the future definitely, signifying the necessity of the action (Epistemic modality), and the obligation to perform certain actions (Deontic modality). Logically, the form that expresses deontic modal semantics can develop epistemic modal meaning, as both are rooted in certainty. Just as the commanding person is certain that the action requested by them is necessary and needs to be done definitely, in the case of epistemic necessity, the speaker is sure of the truth of different facts. To express epistemic and deontic modal semantics in Old Georgian, the construction of the modal verb “dzher-ars” was utilized in addition to the analytical model of the future (kophad ars). It should be mentioned that, in this construction, the infinitive in an adverbial case participates with the complex verb, similar to the analytical model of future expression. Scientists have expressed their opinions regarding the origin of the constructions “kophad ars” and “dzher-ars kophad”. In this article, based on the relevant discussion and examples, we reject the idea that “kophad ars” originates from the construction “dzher-ars kophad”. Instead, we assert an argumentative position that the forms “kophad ars” and “dzher-ars kophad” are two parallel independent expressions— lexical (dzher-ars kophad) and grammatical (kophad ars)— of epistemic and deontic modal semantics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modality
  topic: keywords
subject: Modal Semantics
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical formation of the verb
  topic: keywords
subject: Categorical Future
  topic: keywords
subject: Old Georgian Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Georgian Language
  topic: keywords
creator: Maguli Ghambashidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 258
ending page: 263
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.31

LITERARY CRITICISM OF THE 80S OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND GIORGI TSERETELI
type: item
description: The paper discusses the opinions expressed by Georgian critics from the 1880s regarding various aspects of Giorgi Tsereteli, the great Georgian writer, including his personal life, social impact, and creative style. On the critical review journey of Giorgi Tsereteli’s work, we will tentatively focus on the 1880s. Among the opinions expressed, those of Ekvtime Takaishvili, M. Nasidze (“It’s me” - M.K.), St. Chrelashvili, R. Eristavi, Jacob Gogebashvili, Al. Toidze, as well as unsigned articles, stand out. These articles were published in various periodicals. We will commemorate the memory of Arthur Leist, the distinguished German journalist and translator who extensively researched Georgian literature. According to Arthur Leist, Petre Umikashvili, Niko Khizanishvili, and Giorgi Tsereteli met at Ilia Chavchavadze’s house. Leist characterizes Petre Umikashvili as hardworking, calm, direct, and modest. He notes that Niko Khizanishvili and Giorgi Tsereteli had completely different characters, with both actively participating in literary activities during the eighties.” If we revisit Giorgi Tsereteli’s polemical letters, we should concur with Arthur Leist that, unlike Petre Umikashvili, he possessed a truly modest, independent and combative character. The critics’ opinions on Giorgi Tsereteli’s creative work align with those that gradually surfaced in the 80s of the 19th century. This alignment is attributed, on one hand, to the heightened vigor of literary criticism and the increased authority of critics, and, on the other hand, to the diverse methods and techniques of critical analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: works of Giorgi Tsereteli
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian literary criticism of the 19th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Manana Kajaia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 250
ending page: 256
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.30

SENTIMENT-ANALYSIS IN GEORGIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE – MAIN RULES FOR DETERMINING SENTIMENT
type: item
description: Sentiment-analysis is a form of natural language processing that gives us information about the sentiment (emotion) of the text - is it positive (towards something or someone), negative or neutral; All the examples in the presentation are drawn from the political corpus of the Georgian language. The political discourse can be defined as political communication employed by politicians in various contexts, including public speeches, planned (inaugural texts), or unplanned speeches (television programs, participation in discussions, parliamentary speeches). Sentiment analysis research typically encompasses three interrelated yet distinct levels (Bing Liu, 2016). These are: o Document level o Sentence level o Aspect level. When defining sentiment at the aspect level, we consider several aspects: whom we value (which can be a specific person often a politician), what we value (usually, a concrete action of a specific politician), and how we value it (whether negatively, positively or neutrally) (Bing Liu, 2016). In this presentation, we will illustrate, through examples, why the aspect level of sentiment research is considered the most important. We will also discuss the role of parts of speech in determining sentiment – in this case we will primarily focus on adjectives and nouns. Usually, an adjective with positive or negative content can be attached to a semantically neutral noun and, accordingly, the sentiment of the opinion will change - it will become positive or negative; However, we may have a completely different picture if the noun itself carries sentiment. In this article, we will explore noun-adjective combinations, define types of combinations, and highlight main rules derived from the analysis of these combinations. Based on the combinations and analyzing the contexts, we found that the most crucial element in the process of sentiment determination is not individual words but phrases. Additionally, in many cases, verb phrases (VP) play a significant role in…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian natural political speech
  topic: keywords
subject: Political discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: sentiment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Corpus-based research
  topic: keywords
creator: Elene Kadagishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 243
ending page: 249
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.29

STILL LIFES BY JAVA CHEISHVILI
type: item
description: Java Cheishvili’s works are not only an original contribution to modern Georgian art but also a carefully crafted creative portrait of the artist depicted with paints on the canvas. Java Cheishvili’s works are distinguished by genre diversity, encompassing portraits, landscapes, still lifes, and religious themes that captured the artist’s attention. Each genre is expressed with distinct power in his art. At different times Java Cheishvili’s works were exhibited in Tbilisi, Moscow, Paris, London, Newport, and Ingolstadt. The artist participated in All-Union plein airs (Terjola, 1979, 1983) as well as international plein airs for painters (Kutaisi, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995) and contributed to the work of international symposiums for painters and sculptors in Kutaisi (2001, 2003). Personal exhibitions of Java Cheishvili were organized in Kutaisi in 1980 and 1993 (Art Gallery named after D. Kakabadze), and in Tbilisi in 1981 and 2000 (Gallery Re-aktsia). Java Cheishvili’s still lifes have been a topic of discussion on multiple occasions and the feedback about them has been consistently positive.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian painting
  topic: keywords
subject: Java Cheishvili’s creative works
  topic: keywords
subject: still life
  topic: keywords
creator: Shorena Pkhakadze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 239
ending page: 242
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.28

WEDDING VOCABULARY AND FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN TAO-KLARJETIAN DIALECTS
type: item
description: The interest in the vocabulary of Tao-Klarjetian dialects remains relevant as the linguistic landscape of this region continues to change under the influence of the Turkish language. Even though there are many articles or monographs on the above-mentioned issue, a field-specific analysis of the vocabulary and a comparison with the data of other dialects would provide a more complete understanding of the lexical peculiarities of the dialect. From this perspective, it is interesting to observe the vocabulary related to such stable institutions as marital relations and traditions. A number of interesting lexical units and figurative expressions were revealed, which are not only significant from a lexicological standpoint but also hold importance from an ethnoculturological perspective. In addition to the aforementioned factors, the Tao-Klarjetian dialects are strongly influenced by the Turkish language on a daily basis. Consequently, documenting and examining every surviving lexical unit remains an important, urgent, and relevant issue. In the analysis of lexical units, we rely on texts recorded by us during the period of 2004-2018 and those existing in scientific circulation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian language
  topic: keywords
subject: Tao-Klarjetian dialects
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian dialect vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: wedding vocabulary
  topic: keywords
creator: Elza Putkardze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 232
ending page: 238
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.27

ON POSTMODERNIST TRENDS IN GEORGIAN AND TURKISH NOVELS
type: item
description: Postmodernism is an active and pervasive trend that has permeated all aspects of public life soon after its emergence, particularly since the 1980s, and is evident in diverse ways across different cultural spheres. In the ever-evolving landscape of world literature, postmodernism emerged as a literary movement challenging the concept and ideology of modernism, questioning the established norms, narrative structures, classical notions of identity and objectivity, ideas of universal progress and emancipation, and grand narratives. The origin and development of postmodernism in Turkish and Georgian literature are intertwined with the historical, cultural, and political context of these countries, as well as with global processes that occurred worldwide. Georgian and Turkish postmodernist novels are characterized by key principles of postmodernist culture, such as metafiction, intertextuality, double coding, fragmentation, and a pursuit of narrative experiments, while also placing a strong emphasis on cultural identity. The uniqueness and distinction of these novels are shaped by the cultural and linguistic environments in which they originated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: modern Georgian literature
  topic: keywords
subject: postmodernist trends in Georgian novels
  topic: keywords
subject: postmodernism in Turkish literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Maka Susareishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 227
ending page: 231
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.26

FROM THE 18TH CENTURY REGARDING A GEORGIAN CAPTIVE SOLD IN EGYPT
type: item
description: The document is housed in the National Center of Manuscripts of Georgia and is written in the Mkhedruli script on a scroll. It begins with an artistically painted Kantsili and a cross. There is a small area of damage on the edge of the right side, likely caused by moisture. The calligraphy is exquisite. At the bottom, there are two seals: one rectangular seal with the inscription ‘Parsadan’ and another square, beveled seal with the inscription ‘Servant of God, Milakhvari Luarsab’. Both individuals represented the feudal house of Machabeli. Among them, Parsadan Machabeli is mentioned in many deeds from the second half of the 18th century. For instance, a deed bears the following vertical inscription on the left side: ‘I, Revaz Machabeli, certify this deed (then one character is lost). I did not have the seal. This is my writing.’ The last word of the inscription is illegible, although it is highly likely to be ‘Revaz’. In addition to the complicated geopolitical situation, mainly driven by the IranOttoman conflict in the Caucasus, human trafficking became an even more significant problem for our country in the late Middle Ages. The Ottoman Empire’s dominance on the Black Sea facilitated widespread ‘purchase of captives‘, where people abducted from Georgia were sold in Ottoman or Syrian slave markets. The country faced a demographic catastrophe, and both Georgian and foreign sources document these harsh realities of the late Middle Ages. This distressing trend of selling people extended to almost every corner of our country, as it was deemed a profitable business. Unfortunately, even representatives of the feudal aristocracy supported it. ‘Purchase of captives‘ appears to have been prevalent in Samachablo as well, with members of the feudal house of Machabeli also participating in this trade. The presented document contains fascinating information about the sale of Bezhan Kasradze from Samachablo to Misri (Egypt). It appears he was ‘lost from Leki’. Kasradze, kidnappe…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sale of captives
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian captives in Egypt
  topic: keywords
creator: Giorgi Sosiashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 214
ending page: 226
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.25

THE GREEK WORLD AND BYRON
type: item
description: რომანტიზმის პრინციპებიდან გამომდინარე, ამ ლიტერატურული მიმართულების ერთი ძირითადი ნიშანი უცხოურით, კერძოდ აღმოსავლეთის ქვეყნებით, იქ მოგზაურობით გატაცებაც იყო. ჯორჯ გორდონ ბაირონს (1788-2824) იზიდავს ანტიკური კულტურა, საბერძნეთი. ასე უძღვნის ის თავისი ცხოვრების მეორე ეტაპს თავისუფლებისათვის მებრძოლ ბერძენ ერს, თავისი შემოქმედებით კი იმ თემებს აშუქებს, რაც ასე მნიშვნელოვანი იყო ანტიკური სამყაროსათვის. პოეტის ბიოგრაფიის ბერძნულ პერიოდზე არაერთი წერილი, გამოკვლევა ეკუთვნის აკადემიკოს ინესა მერაბიშვილს: 1. Byron, Greece and Georgia and The Meditterranean World, Proceedings of the Twentieth International Byron Conference, Published by the Hellenic Byron Society in Athens 20-21, September, 1994, p. 201-209; 2. ბაირონი, პრომეთე და ნაპოლეონი, ნაპოლეონის საერთაშორისო საზოგადოების ორენოვანი ჟურნალი „ნაპოლეონი“, თბ., 2000 (5 გვერდი); 3 The Reception of Argonauts by Lord Byron, Phasis, Greek and Roman Studies, The Argonautica and World Culture, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Institute of Classical, Byzantine and Modern Studies, volume 10 (II), 2007, p. 208-215; 4. Ovid’s Hero and Medea as Reflected in Byron’s Life and Works, Proceedings of the 37 th International Conference, Valladolid, Spain, 2011, at www. internationassociationofbyronsocieties.org; 5. Lord Byron’s Thyrza, Tbilisi, 2007 (64 pages); 6. Byron, Greece and Georgia, in: Byron and the Mediterranean World. Athens, 1995. ჩვენ მიერ განხორციელებულმა კვლევამ წარმოაჩინა ბაირონი როგორც მებრძოლი, საბერძნეთის თავისუფლების სადარაჯოზე მდგარი, რომელმაც არაერთი ლექსი მიუძღვნა საბერძნეთს; ბაირონის ცნობილი უკანასკნელი ლექსის „დღეს შემისრულდა ოცდათექვსმეტი წელი “ წყარო ტექსტიდან ეკვივალენტური თარგმანი შემოგვთავაზა ინესა მერაბიშვილმა.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: George Byron
  topic: keywords
subject: the Greek world
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subject: Byron’s work
  topic: keywords
subject: romanticism
  topic: keywords
creator: Tinatin Sikharulidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 204
ending page: 212
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.24

THE MEMOIRS OF HERBERT HOOVER ABOUT GEORGIA
type: item
description: During the period of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the most powerful countries in the world played a significant role in the life of Batumi. This interest was primarily driven by the city’s military, political, and economic importance. This is evident in the fact that a considerable portion of the publications in the ‘New York Times’ about Georgia, published in 1918-1921, are dedicated to Batumi. In addition to these articles, I have paid attention to one of the most crucial documents, the memoirs of the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933, Herbert Hoover. Serving as the Head of the American Relief Administration from 1919 to 1923, he was directly involved with the Transcaucasian Region and, consequently, Georgia. In Herbert Hoover’s memoirs and in publications from the ‘New York Times,’ the emphasis on Batumi revolves around its significant commercial and economic potential. All other aspects are explored within this context. Despite some mistakes and a lack of objectivity in certain documents, we should consider them as valuable research materials for assessing the international community’s perception of the historical events that unfolded in Batumi during 19181921.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgia-USA relations
  topic: keywords
subject: American press about Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: 1918-1921
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subject: Herbert Hoover’s memoirs about Georgia
  topic: keywords
creator: Otar Nikoleishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 198
ending page: 203
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.23

GEORGIAN MONASTERY OF IZMIR (TURKEY)
type: item
description: It is evident from written records and passages in travel literature that Georgian Christian churches with Georgian monks conducting religious services existed in several provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Constantinople (Istanbul), during the Late Middle Ages. Unfortunately, the majority of them have been destroyed and are now lost to history. One of these churches was situated in İzmir during the Late Middle Ages. In reference to the aforementioned, ‘Mimosvla,’ the travel text by Timote (Timothy) Gabashvili (1703-1764), provides us with some significant information, stating that since the 15th century, there has been a Georgian monastery in İzmir (formerly known as Smyrna), which was part of the Ottoman Empire. Describing his impressions of İzmir, he draws particular attention to the fact that he stayed in the monastery while in the city. Platon Ioseliani (1810-1875) was another writer who personally visited the Georgian monastery in İzmir and provided detailed written records about it. Their stories demonstrate that the İzmir Georgian monastery housed a sizable library with a significant number of books and manuscripts. Unfortunately, not only is the site of this priceless find unclear today, but also the exact location of the monastery remains unknown. We specifically reached out to Ms. Makvala Kharebava, the Honorary Consul of Georgia in İzmir, Republic of Turkey, to learn more about the existence of the İzmir Georgian monastery. Unfortunately, despite her diligent efforts, unique records related to the aforementioned monastery have not been located yet. Therefore, further active research in this regard must be carried out in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Georgian monasteries in the Ottoman Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian monastery of Izmir
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgian travel literature
  topic: keywords
subject: 18th-19th cc.
  topic: keywords
creator: Avtandil Nikoleishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kartvelian Heritage
date: 2023-11-01
publication date: 2023-11-01
starting page: 189
ending page: 197
doi: 10.52340/PUTK.2023.27.22